基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析

doi:10.11821/dlyj020170710

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往旅游对植被影响的评价成果较多,但是旅游影响下植被景观与地理因子之间的关系报道较少。本文利用多种数量生态学方法探讨了五台山旅游开发与植被景观之间的生态关系。结果表明：① 旅游开发影响下五台山植被景观可分为单优乔木区、草本区、差级乔草区、中级乔草区、中级灌草区、良级灌草区、良级乔灌草区、优级乔灌草区、以及寺庙区、商业区或居民区9种类型。② 在除趋势对应分析中,第一轴与所有因子的相关性都较大,第二轴与旅游干扰度和海拔呈显著的负相关性。各植被景观类型的空间分布在一定程度上取决于关键性指标的空间格局。③ 除趋势典范对应分析方法能够大大提高植被景观特征与地理因子间的相关性,并将其直观地表达于排序图中。在植被景观特征与地理因子的关系上,第一轴上的相关系数是0.858_DCCA>0.828_DCA,第二轴上的相关系数是0.583_DCCA>0.501_DCA,这说明除趋势典范对应分析方法更优。

关键词: 旅游开发影响, 植被类型, 对应分析, 排序, 五台山

Abstract:

Vegetation landscape is an important factor for indicating the change of ecological environment, and it is beneficial to the ecological construction and the scenic area management to identify the types and characteristics of vegetation landscape under the influence of tourism development. The ecological relationship between tourism development and vegetation landscapes is studied by Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN), Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA) in Wutai Mountain. The results show that: (1) There are 9 types of vegetation landscapes under the influence of tourism development, i.e., the single tree area, the herb area, the poor class area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for tree-herb, the intermediate area for shrub-herb, the good level area for shrub-herb, the good level area for tree-shrub-herb, the best level area for tree-shrub-herb, and the temple and the residential area. By using the TWINSPAN, the results show that from right to left, tourism influencing index and the proportion of species companying with human being show a decreasing trend, and landscape value importance, species diversity, the proportions in community structure, and negative species proportion are in the increasing trend. Accordingly, the structure of the plant community changes from simplicity to complexity. (2) By adopting the DCA, the result shows that the first axis is greatly correlated with all factors, revealing a comprehensive environmental gradient. The second axis has significant negative correlation with elevation and tourism disturbance degree. All types have their distribution range in the ordination figure, which are determined by the pattern rule of main indices to a large extent. (3) Compared with DCA, DCCA can improve greatly the correlation between geographical factors and vegetation landscape characteristics, which can be directly reflected in the ordination figure. As for the correlation between vegetation landscapes and geographical factors, the ordination of their coefficients is 0.858_DCCA>0.828_DCA on the first axes, and 0.583_DCCA >0.501_DCA on the second axes, which shows that the DCCA is better.

Key words: tourism development impact, vegetation types, correspondence analysis, ordination, Wutai Mountain

牛莉芹, 程占红. 基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(5): 1162-1174.

Liqin NIU, Zhanhong CHENG. Analysis on characteristics of vegetation landscapes basedon tourism development in Wutai Mountain scenic area[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(5): 1162-1174.

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	Ⅰ区	Ⅱ区	Ⅲ区	Ⅳ区	Ⅴ区	Ⅵ区	Ⅶ区	Ⅷ区	Ⅸ区
乔木重要值	0.18	0.23	0	0	0.18	0.19	0	0	0.17
灌木重要值	0.16	0.33	0.11	0.32	0	0	0	0	0
草本重要值	0.06	0.11	0.05	0.11	0.18	0.08	0.09	0	0
乔木层丰富度	2.00	1.27	0	0	1.18	1.09	0	0	2.00
乔木层均匀度	0.90	0.99	0	0	0.99	1.00	0	0	0.98
乔木层多样性	0.76	0.91	0	0	0.94	0.96	0	0	0.52
灌木层丰富度	6.50	1.67	3.40	1.57	0	0	0	0	0
灌木层均匀度	0.91	0.99	0.96	0.96	0	0	0	0	0
灌木层多样性	0.22	0.78	0.58	0.79	0	0	0	0	0
草本层丰富度	11.50	11.00	8.20	11.57	11.73	9.64	8.62	0	0
草本层均匀度	0.70	0.87	0.88	0.89	0.82	0.86	0.81	0	0
草本层多样性	0.21	0.15	0.19	0.13	0.15	0.17	0.24	0	0
中高位芽植物比例	1.27	1.07	0	0.03	1.00	0.91	0	0	1.00
小高位芽植物比例	0.33	0.71	0.30	0.97	0	0.09	0	0	0
矮高位芽植物比例	0.40	0.21	0.70	0	0	0	0	0	0
地上芽植物比例	0.11	0.17	0.24	0.16	0.11	0.15	0.17	0	0
地面芽植物比例	0.78	0.64	0.70	0.50	0.69	0.74	0.40	0	0
隐芽植物比例	0.04	0.07	0	0.07	0.11	0	0.05	0	0
一年生植物比例	0.06	0.11	0.06	0.27	0.13	0.11	0.37	0	0
阴生种比值	0.63	0.37	0.39	0.18	0.41	0.24	0.11	0	0
伴人种比值	0	0.03	0.03	0.31	0.09	0.10	0.44	1.00	0
垃圾影响系数	0.15	0.10	0.14	0.14	0.19	0.38	0.30	1.00	1.00
折枝影响系数	0.15	0.30	0.08	0.16	0.39	0.50	0.17	1.00	1.00
林木更新影响系数	0.60	0.72	1.00	0.97	0.80	0.90	1.00	1.00	1.00
践踏影响系数	0.15	0.30	0.28	0.49	0.41	0.60	0.66	1.00	1.00
植被现状系数	0.15	0.25	0.70	0.70	0.32	0.47	0.87	1.00	0.70

	Ⅰ区	Ⅱ区	Ⅲ区	Ⅳ区	Ⅴ区	Ⅵ区	Ⅶ区	Ⅷ区	Ⅸ区
景观重要值	0.153	0.232	0.034	0.089	0.141	0.128	0.013	0	0.105
物种多样性	3.187	2.457	1.816	2.092	2.210	1.897	1.339	0	0.521
群落结构比	0.387	0.377	0.256	0.245	0.312	0.314	0.165	0	0.118
阴生种比值	0.628	0.372	0.390	0.184	0.411	0.240	0.112	0	0
伴人种比值	0	0.031	0.030	0.315	0.093	0.104	0.440	1.000	0
旅游影响系数	0.234	0.328	0.478	0.539	0.415	0.574	0.671	0.998	0.923

	海拔	坡度	坡形	坡位	坡向	距离	干扰度	保护率	面积率	历史性
第一轴	0.365**	0.700**	0.453**	0.598**	-0.626**	0.310**	-0.188*	-0.192*	-0.180*	-0.175*
第二轴	-0.303**	-0.058	-0.011	-0.098	-0.008	0.024	-0.225*	-0.142	-0.144	-0.098

		海拔	坡度	坡形	坡位	坡向	距离	干扰度	面积率	保护率	历史性
相关系数	第一轴	0.382**	0.738**	0.474**	0.623**	-0.660**	0.342**	-0.159	-0.151	-0.164	-0.149
相关系数	第二轴	-0.432**	-0.040	-0.040	-0.099	0.051	0.087	-0.173*	-0.077	-0.071	-0.023
典范系数	第一轴	0.445	0.860	0.553	0.727	-0.769	0.399	-0.185	-0.176	-0.191	-0.174
典范系数	第二轴	-0.741	-0.069	-0.068	-0.170	0.088	0.149	-0.298	-0.133	-0.121	-0.040

	特征值		景观特征与地理因子的相关系数
	DCA	DCCA	DCA	DCCA
第一轴	0.425	0.347	0.828**	0.858**
第二轴	0.134	0.043	0.501**	0.583**