教育绅士化社区：形成机制及其社会空间效应研究

doi:10.11821/dlyj020170968

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

教育绅士化现象已成为深刻影响我国城市居住空间分异的重要因素,以长春市郊区出现的教育绅士化社区为例,对其形成机制及社会空间效应进行深入研究。结果表明：① 在优质教育资源空间分布不均及教育体制改革背景下,私立学校与房地产开发活动在郊区的结合催生出一种新的教育绅士化现象,其实质是由教育资源引发的绅士化现象。② 教育绅士化社区采用“房地产+名校”的模式进行开发,涉及地方政府、房地产开发商、学校以及绅士阶层四大主体。教育绅士化缘于地方政府的征地行为,开发商是物质景观改造的主体,学校则是吸引绅士阶层集聚的关键。③ 教育绅士化社区一方面引导了资本、中产阶层和优质教育资源向郊区的迁移,促进了郊区物质景观及人口、社会经济的升级,并在一定程度上有利于教育公平。另一方面又不可避免地引起了城市人口、社会经济空间的分层和极化。本研究在一定程度上丰富了教育绅士化的研究内容和研究视野,同时对教育、住房以及城市发展政策的制定具有一定启示。

关键词: 绅士化, 教育绅士化, 居住空间分异, 社会经济空间重构, 社会空间效应

Abstract:

Jiaoyufication has become an important factor affecting urban residential differentiation in China. In this study, a Jiaoyufication community was taken as an example to explore how the construction of a school led to gentrification in Changchun’s suburbs and we also revealed its characteristics, formation mechanisms and demographic and socio-spatial consequences. Results showed that: (1) the combination of a private school and real estate speculations pawned a new variety of gentrification, which had different characteristics and formation mechanisms compared to classic school gentrification, which emerged in catchment areas of public schools. The Jiaoyufication community was a residential differentiation as well as the reconstruction of urban demographic and socio-economic space caused by educational inequality. (2) The community was built on a “real estate and elite school” model, and its participants included local government, real estate developers, schools and middle-class parents. Local governments played a pioneering role in the school gentrification process. The developer was the driving force behind promoting the physical upgrade of the community by investing heavily in constructing an upscale gated community and school. The school was the key to the successful development of the community, which attracted the incoming of the gentry. The school attracted the influx of the gentry to suburbs, promoted the suburb’s physical and socio-economic upgrade, thus, reconstructing the urban demographic and socio-economic space. (3) Contrary to the mainstream view that school gentrification would bring education unfair, the emergence of school gentrifying community led the capital, the middle class family and quality educational resources to suburbs, which was conducive to educational equality to some extent. However, Jiaoyufication community inevitably produced displacement and marginalization to the urban poor, as well as serious residential segregation and social stratification.

Key words: gentrification, Jiaoyufication, residential segregation, socio-economic reconstruction, socio-spatial consequences

胡述聚, 李诚固, 张婧, 马佐澎, 刘伟. 教育绅士化社区：形成机制及其社会空间效应研究[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(5): 1175-1188.

Shuju HU, Chenggu LI, Jing ZHANG, Zuopeng MA, Wei LIU. Jiaoyufication community: Its formation mechanisms and socio-spatial consequences[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(5): 1175-1188.

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时期	居住用地	商业用地	道路和绿化用地	学校用地	总计	百分比
2009年/6月—2011年/9月	11281.7	4489.3	126925.1	0.0	142696.1	44.4
2011年/9月—2013年/8月	10088.7	6021.0	64762.4	24395.0	105267.2	32.7
2013年/8月—2016年/5月	5687.9	3483.7	34300.5	0.0	43472.0	13.5

项目	属性	问卷（份）	百分比（%）
年龄（岁）	≤25	26	7.2
	25~30	62	17.2
	31~35	100	27.8
	36~40	134	37.2
	41~45	16	4.4
	46~50	6	1.7
	51~55	2	0.6
	≥56	14	3.9
	合计	360	100
学历	高中及以下	62	17.2
	专科	126	35.0
	本科	151	41.9
	研究生	21	5.8
	合计	360	100
职业	个体商户	116	32.2
	公司老板	28	7.8
	企业白领	48	13.3
	政府或事业单位人员	22	6.1
	教育、科研、文化、艺术相关领域	74	20.6
	务农或工厂工人	30	8.3
	公司员工	42	11.7
	合计	360	100
月收入（元）	≤4000	22	6.4
	4000~5000	34	9.8
	5001~6000	44	12.7
	6001~7000	56	16.2
	7001~8000	74	21.4
	8001~10000	86	24.9
	≥10000	30	8.7
	缺失	14	—
	合计	360	—

买房子送学位	264	73.3
环境好	12	3.3
作为一种投资	8	2.2
在附近工作	62	17.2
房价便宜	14	3.9

红星村	7	1.9
四环之内	225	62.5
外围乡镇	58	16.1
其他城市	70	19.5

类型	发生地点	参与主体	阶层置换方式	物质景观升级
传统教育绅士化	学区内	学校、绅士阶层	直接置换	渐进式维护、修缮
教育绅士化社区	非学区内	地方政府、房地产开发商、学校、绅士阶层	间接置换,分两个阶段	大规模“拆除-新建”