灾难地居民集体记忆、地方认同、地方保护意愿关系研究——以汶川地震北川老县城为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020180016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

从记忆地理和地方感角度,探讨2008年汶川地震重灾区北川老县城的人地关系。通过定性与定量相结合的方法,研究了灾后居民集体记忆的维度,探讨了灾后集体记忆、地方认同、地方保护意愿的特征。运用结构方程模型,揭示了灾后集体记忆（灾难记忆、创伤情感、抗灾记忆、观念启示、怀旧记忆）、地方认同、地方保护之间的关系。研究显示,灾后积极的抗灾记忆、观念启示、怀旧记忆对于提升地方认同具有显著影响,而地方认同对于提升地方保护意愿具有显著影响。结果对于了解居民灾难心理、地方感、灾后行为有一定帮助,对于灾后遗址保护有一定借鉴意义。

关键词: 集体记忆, 地方认同, 灾难, 创伤, 怀旧, 汶川地震

Abstract:

This paper proceeds from the perceptive of memory geography and sense of place to explore the post-disaster human-place relationship in old Beichuan county town which was the worst-affected area of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. Using means of qualitative and quantitative methods, it discovers the dimensions of post-disaster memory from the vernacular perspective, and finds the extent of dimensions of post-disaster collective memories, place identity and place protection intention of local survivors. Meanwhile, via using the structural equation modeling, it explores the relationship among collective memory, place identity and place protection intention in post-disaster period. The results show that local survivors' collective memory is multi-dimensions, mainly including disaster memory, traumatic emotion, memory of fighting against disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, and nostalgic memory of home town. It also uncovers that the positive aspects of collective memory (memory of fighting disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, nostalgic memory of home town) have significant impacts on improving place identity, and place identity has a significant positive impact on place protection intentions while, the negative aspects of collective memory (disaster memory and traumatic emotions) do not have significant impacts on reducing local place identity. This paper discusses the dimensions of post-disaster collective memory and reveals the effect of factor contributing to place identity and the mechanism of post-disaster collective memories on place identity. It also proves that collective memory-place identity-place protection intention is an effective new approach to understanding the local survivors' psychological experiences and the contradiction and complex aspect of post-disaster human-place relationship. This makes up the shortage in the field of sense of disaster and post-disaster experiences in human geography in China. The results are of some help in understanding the disaster psychology and post-disaster recovery of local residents, and can be referred in the field of quake ruin planning and protection projects.

Key words: collective memory, place identity, disaster, trauma, nostalgia, Wenchuan earthquake

钱莉莉, 张捷, 郑春晖, 张宏磊, 郭永锐. 灾难地居民集体记忆、地方认同、地方保护意愿关系研究——以汶川地震北川老县城为例[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(4): 988-1002.

Lili QIAN, Jie ZHANG, Chunhui ZHENG, Honglei ZHANG, Yongrui GUO. The relationships among post-disaster collective memory, place identity and place protection intention of local residents: A case study of Wenchuan earthquake ruined town of Beichuan[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(4): 988-1002.

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选择式编码	轴心式编码	开放式编码	对应原始资料示例
地方	灾难经历地	灾难发生地	北川中学、曲山小学、幼儿园、车站等
	日常生活地	日常生活地	家、十字口、农贸市场等
集体记忆	灾难记忆	地震情景	地动山摇、山体垮塌、建筑坍塌等
		亲朋遇难	孩子遇难、同学遇难、亲人离开等
	抗灾记忆	抗震救援	死里逃生、相互救助、官兵救灾等
		灾后重建	国家政策好,给我们建房子
	怀旧记忆	怀念曾经生活	怀念老家工作,留恋在老北川生活的日子
		怀念曾经人事	怀念故人;对往事的追忆,点点滴滴回忆起太多
	创伤情感	悲伤	悲伤、难过、流泪、心酸、悲惨等
		恐惧	后怕、心慌、闹心、噩梦、恐怖等
		惋惜	惋惜、失落、惆怅等
	观念启示	珍惜生命	看得开,过好以后每一天,更懂得生活
		自然规律	自然规律,没得办法
		抗灾精神	团结力量大,经历灾难更坚强
地方认同	地方认同	植根性	从小就生长在这里（老县城）;即使不安全,有这么大灾难,愿意住在这里（老县城附近）
		独特性	山清水秀、环境好、气候好、人特别真诚
		重要性	一生中最重要的地方
		情感依附	还是老家好,感情深厚,比起永昌,更喜欢老北川
地方保护意愿	地方保护意愿	地方保护意愿	希望遗址得到保护,让全国人民看看,北川人民在多么艰难条件下活下来

项目		样本数（占比%）	项目		样本数（占比%）
性别	男	153（48）	居住年限(年)	≤5	71（22）
	女	168（52）		6~10	47（15）
年龄(岁)	≤19	15（5）		11~20	84（26）
	20~29	59（18）		21~30	40（12）
	30~39	84（26）		≥31	79（25）
	40~49	99（32）	亲朋伤亡	有	237（74）
	50~59	40（12）		无	84（26）
	≥60	24（7）	身体受伤	有	83（26）
教育程度	小学及以下	62（19）		无	238（74）
	初中	115（36）	财产损失	没有	25（8）
	高中（中专）	93（29）		极少	19（6）
	大专及以上	51（16）		一般	62（19）
				较多	67（21）
				严重	148（46）

因子	题项	均值	载荷	贡献率（%）	Cronbach's α
Bartlett's检验卡方值3871.106,KMO=0.823
灾难记忆DM	DM₁	4.08	0.894	36	0.929
	DM₂	4.15	0.909
	DM₃	4.04	0.864
创伤情感TE	TE₁	3.38	0.741	19	0.817
	TE₂	4.23	0.744
	TE₄	3.69	0.794
	TE₅	3.83	0.758
抗灾记忆FDM	FDM₁	4.12	0.823	9	0.866
	FDM₂	4.26	0.863
	FDM₃	4.23	0.857
怀旧记忆NM	NM₁	4.39	0.853	7	0.878
	NM₂	4.36	0.826
	NM₃	4.36	0.803
观念启示IA	IA₁	4.47	0.868	6	0.861
	IA₂	4.51	0.798
	IA₃	4.50	0.772
Bartlett's检验卡方值2292.40,KMO=0.862
地方认同PI	PI₁	4.28	0.916	49	0.933
	PI₂	4.46	0.866
	PI₃	4.14	0.863
	PI₄	4.09	0.904
	PI₅	4.20	0.832
地方保护PP	PP₁	4.66	0.910	38	0.934
	PP₂	4.60	0.918
	PP₃	4.57	0.939

	灾难记忆DM	创伤情感TE	抗震记忆FDM	观念启示IA	怀旧记忆NM	地方认同PI	地方保护PP
均值	4.09	3.78	4.20	4.50	4.37	4.23	4.60
年龄(岁)		F值3.66^**	F值3.93^**	F值9.36^***	F值5.26^***	F值9.85^***
≤19		3.85	3.53	3.53	3.56	3.00
20~29		3.41	4.17	4.36	4.19	4.01
30~39		3.79	4.09	4.56	4.30	4.23
40~49		3.94	4.25	4.51	4.51	4.31
50~59		3.71	4.54	4.75	4.58	4.61
≥60		4.04	4.33	4.68	4.58	4.60
居住时间(年)			F值10.92^***	F值10.62^***	F值33.15^***	F值44.39^***	F值4.28^**
<5			3.81	4.14	3.56	3.39	4.34
5~10			4.01	4.34	4.27	3.91	4.53
11~20			4.27	4.55	4.57	4.41	4.60
21~30			4.16	4.68	4.64	4.52	4.61
>30			4.62	4.76	4.77	4.86	4.84
亲朋遇难	F值11.14^**		F值18.53^***	F值22.52^***	F值51.87^***	F值29.20^***
无	3.75		3.80	4.21	3.84	3.80
有	4.21		4.32	4.60	4.55	4.39
个人受伤	F值15.22^***	F值15.43^***			F值13.52^***	F值9.37^**
无	3.95	3.67			4.27	4.15
有	4.49	4.09			4.65	4.49
财产损失		F值3.91^**	F值5.30^***	F值8.25^***	F值24.52^***	F值20.25^***
没有		3.49	3.69	3.60	3.80	3.95
极少		3.41	3.73	4.20	4.20	4.35
一般		3.60	4.18	4.47	4.56	4.61
较多		3.80	3.68	4.12	4.49	4.65
严重		3.95	3.40	4.17	4.32	4.50

潜变量	观测变量	载荷	CR	AVE	潜变量	观测变量	载荷	CR	AVE
怀旧记忆NM	NM₁	0.85	0.88	0.71	观念启示IA	IA₁	0.70	0.86	0.68
	NM₂	0.80				IA₂	0.85
	NM₃	0.87				IA₃	0.91
灾难记忆DM	DM₁	0.91	0.93	0.81	地方认同PI	PI₁	0.94	0.94	0.75
	DM₂	0.92				PI₂	0.87
	DM₃	0.87				PI₃	0.81
抗灾记忆FDM	FDM₁	0.81	0.92	0.78		PI₄	0.87
	FDM₂	0.95			地方保护PP	PI₅	0.83
	FDM₃	0.89				PP₁	0.84	0.93	0.81
创伤情感TE	TE₂	0.70	0.88	0.70		PP₂	0.92
	TE₄	0.90			PP₃		0.95
	TE₅	0.90