山岳型景区特殊时段旅游拥挤特征及调控模式——以黄山风景区为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020180139

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界遗产地空间潮汐式旅游拥挤问题相当普遍且日益凸显,已成为旅游地理学研究的前沿领域。以黄山风景区为例,基于旅游拥挤多维内涵,构建物理拥挤和心理拥挤二维指标,结合游客访谈,分析了景区的拥挤特征及影响因素。研究发现：① 不同地点物理拥挤与心理拥挤呈现不同的表征关系;② 由于游客目标与需求不同,在资源吸引力、服务设施和空间特征等因素的触发下,导致高山比低山物理拥挤度强,线性空间比点状空间的拥挤感知强烈,这是景区发展不均衡且与游客互动缺乏动态性、主动性和创新性的表现。最后,基于特殊时段和特殊空间背景下多样性和动态性的空间-行为互动模式,提出“奶酪型”“小丑型”“泄洪型”和“花瓶型”四类调控类型。

关键词: 旅游拥挤, 黄山风景区, 物理拥挤, 心理拥挤, 空间特征

Abstract:

The tidal crowding of tourists at world heritage sites, which is quite common and increasingly prominent, carries itself at the research frontier of tourism geography. Taking Mount Huangshan Scenic Spot as an example, the dimensional indicators of physical and psychological crowding were established on the basis of the multi-dimensional connotations behind the crowding of tourists to analyze, with the help of tourist interviews, the characteristics and the influencing factors of crowding in scenic spots. The study revealed that: (1) the correlation between physical crowding and psychological crowding varies with the tourist site; (2) due to the differences in the tourists’ goal and demand, the higher mountains are more crowded than the lower ones, and linear space seems to be more crowded than a “dot-resembling space” as triggered by a variety of factors such as resource attractiveness, service facilities, and spatial features, which is a manifestation of the development imbalance among different scenic spots and the lack of dynamism, initiative, and creativity seen in the interactions between tourists. Finally, based on the spatial-behavior interaction mode featuring diversity and dynamism in special periodical and spatial backgrounds, four regulatory modes are proposed, namely the "cheese-type", the "clown-type", the "floor-discharge-type" and the "vase-type" regulatory modes.

Key words: tourism crowding, Huangshan, physical crowding, psychological crowding spatial characteristic

杨效忠, 王杏. 山岳型景区特殊时段旅游拥挤特征及调控模式——以黄山风景区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(4): 961-970.

Xiaozhong YANG, Xing WANG. Tourism crowding characteristics and adjusting patterns of mountain scenic spots during special periods: A case study of Huangshan Mountain[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(4): 961-970.

图/表 6

图1

图2

图3

表1

黄山风景区各地点拥挤量化结果"

地点名称	物理拥挤			心理拥挤
地点名称	面积（100 m²）	人数（人）	密度（人/100 m²）	非常不拥挤（1分）	比较不拥挤（2分）	一般拥挤（3分）	比较拥挤（4分）	非常拥挤（5分）	心理拥挤度
名泉桥—慈光阁	11.75	411	34.97	203	216	97	46	0	1.97
慈光阁—半山寺	32.89	1277	38.82	89	66	73	200	134	3.39
半山寺—玉屏楼	17.76	1380	77.71	74	93	105	111	179	3.40
玉屏楼—莲花亭	6.84	355	51.90	56	98	106	145	157	3.44
莲花亭-百步云梯	5.60	320	57.14	16	17	108	342	79	3.80
鳌鱼峰一线天	2.20	67	30.45	48	113	9	45	347	3.94
天海—北海	31.20	1203	38.55	109	33	12	19	389	3.97
北海—排云亭	25.11	980	39.02	41	122	277	31	91	3.02
光明顶—排云亭	26.40	970	36.74	113	33	12	34	370	3.92
排云亭—丹霞峰	10.06	370	36.77	60	117	89	134	162	3.39
西海—丹霞峰	105.60	1690	16.00	230	114	90	13	115	2.41
白鹅岭—701电台	339.20	251	74.04	112	89	34	272	55	1.98
名泉桥—钓桥庵	86.90	760	8.74	206	120	111	95	30	2.33
云谷寺—白鹅岭	51.67	3329	64.42	44	5	34	180	299	4.22
白鹅岭—北海宾馆	17.37	1121	64.53	12	118	20	338	74	3.61
黑虎松—始信峰顶	3.64	257	70.60	30	60	90	230	152	3.74
蘑菇亭—石笋矼	3.36	198	58.92	7	3	155	189	208	4.04
北海—清凉台	3.96	104	26.26	137	66	78	188	93	3.06
北海—松谷庵	21.00	390	18.57	70	220	167	16	89	2.70
松谷庵—芙蓉居	21.00	378	18.00	229	130	97	28	78	2.28
芙蓉岭	3.48	49	14.08	256	202	93	7	4	1.75
老龙潭	3.70	41	11.08	304	108	70	71	9	1.88
仙人指路—皮蓬	8.50	610	71.76	45	100	108	168	141	3.46
玉屏楼	9.50	908	95.57	122	209	150	77	4	2.34
天海	7.20	207	28.75	167	123	189	45	38	2.40
光明顶	19.50	1410	72.30	6	12	9	195	340	4.51
钓桥庵	8.00	72	9.00	177	160	158	59	8	2.22
排云楼	7.80	310	39.74	66	22	56	174	244	3.90
松谷庵	11.00	204	18.54	267	198	38	41	18	1.80
散花坞	30.00	19	63.33	171	98	42	161	90	2.82
天都峰	0.50	27	54.00	188	172	67	90	45	2.34
蓬莱三岛	16.68	880	52.76	187	167	139	23	46	2.24
梦幻游览区	50.87	2007	39.45	203	181	78	76	24	2.17
玉屏索道上站	8.50	462	54.35	34	67	69	193	199	3.81
玉屏索道下站	8.50	337	39.64	112	88	149	106	107	3.01
云谷索道上站	10.00	765	76.50	35	87	56	76	308	3.95
云谷索道下站	10.00	244	24.40	66	27	134	213	122	3.53
太平索道上站	10.00	242	24.20	56	37	183	142	144	3.50
太平索道下站	10.00	580	58.00	31	55	71	208	197	3.86

表1

图4

图5

参考文献 30

[1]	Thomas E J.Perceptual determinants of crowding stress. Alberta: The University of Alberta, 1978.
[2]	Chang Chunyen.A simulation approach to crowding in outdoor recreation. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1993.
[3]	James H G, Rabel J B.Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites. Leisure Sciences, 2009, 6(2): 167-186.
[4]	Manning R E.Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2011.
[5]	Whisman S A, Hollenhorst S J.A path model of whitewater boating satisfaction on the Cheat River of West Virginia. Environmental Management, 1998, 22(1): 109-117. doi: 10.1007/s002679900088
[6]	崔凤军, 刘家明, 李巧玲. 旅游承载力指数及其应用研究. 旅游学刊, 1998, 13(3): 41-44.
	[Cui Fengjun, Liu Jiaming, Li Qiaoling.A study on the theory and application of tourism bearing capacity index. Tourism Tribune, 1998, 13(3): 41-44.]
[7]	崔凤军, 杨永慎. 泰山旅游环境承载力及其时空分异特征与利用强度研究. 地理研究, 1997, 16(4): 47-55.
	[Cui Fengjun, Yang Yongshen.A study on the time-space distribution features and utility intensity of the TEBC resource of mount Tai. Geographical Research, 1997, 16(4): 47-55.]
[8]	崔凤军, 刘家明. 旅游环境承载力理论及其实践意义. 地理科学进展, 1998, 17(1): 86-91. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1998.01.013
	[Cui Fengjun, Liu Jiaming.A study on the theory and application of tourism environmental bearing capacity. Progress in Geography, 1998, 17(1): 86-91.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.1998.01.013
[9]	杨锐. 从游客环境容量到LAC理论: 环境容量概念的新发展. 旅游学刊, 2003, 18(5): 62-65.
	[Yang Rui.From recreation carrying capacity to LAC theory on the new development of environmental capacity concept. Tourism Tribune, 2003, 18(5): 62-65.]
[10]	保继刚. 颐和园旅游环境容量研究. 中国环境科学, 1987, 7(2): 32-36.
	[Bao Jigang.Carrying capacities of the Summer Palace. China Environmental Science, 1987, 7(2): 32-36.]
[11]	徐晓音. 风景名胜区旅游环境容量测算方法探讨. 华中师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 1999, 33(3): 455-459.
	[Xu Xiaoyin.Discussion on the measuring methods of tourism environmental capacity in scenic spots. Journal of Central China Normal University: Natural Sciences, 1999, 33(3): 455-459.]
[12]	陆林. 山岳风景区客流研究: 以安徽黄山为例. 地理学报, 1994, 49(3): 236-246.
	[Lu Lin.A study on the tourist flows in mountain resorts: A case study in Huangshan Mountain. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994, 49(3): 236-246.]
[13]	李琛, 成升魁, 陈远生. 25年来中国旅游容量研究的回顾与反思. 地理研究, 2009, 28(1): 235-245.
	[Li Chen, Cheng Shengkui, Chen Yuansheng.A review of the study of China's tourism carrying capacity in the past two decades. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(1): 235-245.]
[14]	吴义宏, 杨效忠, 彭敏. 主题公园拥挤感知的影响因素研究: 以方特欢乐世界为例. 人文地理, 2014, 29(4): 119-125.
	[Wu Yihong, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min.Research on the influence factors of perceived crowding in theme park: A case study of Fantawild adventure. Human Geography, 2014, 29(4): 119-125.]
[15]	王文文. 海滨沙滩旅游区旅游者拥挤感知对调试行为以及忠诚度影响研究. 西安: 陕西师范大学博士学位论文, 2012.
	[Wang Wenwen.Research of the impact of crowding perception on coping behaviors and tourists loyalty in the situation of the beach resorts. Xi'an: Doctoral Dissertation of Shanxi Normal University, 2012.]
[16]	仇水贵, 王祖良, 张琪. 城市森林公园拥挤因素分析: 以玲珑山森林公园为例. 旅游经济, 2012, (6): 115-117.
	[Qiu Shuigui, Wang Zuliang, Zhang Qi.Urban forest park crowded factor analysis: A delicate Mountain Forest Park. Tourism Economy, 2012, (6): 115-117.]
[17]	罗艳菊. 不同利用水平下旅游者对游憩利用影响感知的差异: 兼谈其对总体满意度的作用. 经济地理, 2006, 23(4): 698-701.
	[Luo Yanju.Difference between perception of recreation use impact and its effect on visitor overall satisfaction under different use level. Economic Geography, 2006, 23(4): 698-701.]
[18]	梁增贤. 主题公园游客心理容量及其影响因素研究: 来自深圳欢乐谷的实证. 人文地理, 2011, 26(2): 139-144.
	[Liang Zengxian.A study on tourist psychological capacity of theme parks and its influencing factors: A case study of Happy Valley in Shenzhen. Human Geography, 2011, 26(2): 139-144.]
[19]	李莉, 颜丙金, 张宏磊, 等. 景区游客拥挤感知多维度内涵及其影响机制研究: 以三清山为例. 人文地理, 2016, 31(2): 145-152.
	[Li Li, Yan Bingjin, Zhang Honglei, et al.Multidimensional connotation and antecedents of tourist crowding perceptions: A case of study in mount SanQingShan. Human Geography, 2016, 31(2): 145-152.]
[20]	李风琴, 杨效忠. 世界遗产地西湖的物理拥挤和心理拥挤关系. 地理科学, 2017, 37(1): 102-109.
	[Li Fengqin, Yang Xiaozhong.Relationship between physical and psychological crowding in the World Heritage: West Lake. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(1): 102-109.]
[21]	程平平, 杨效忠, 彭敏. 国内外旅游拥挤研究进展及其启. 旅游学刊, 2015, 30(3): 106-115. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2015.03.011
	[Cheng Pingping, Yang Xiaozhong, Peng Min.Progress in Chinese and international tourism crowding research and its implications. Tourism Tribune, 2015, 30(3): 106-115.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2015.03.011
[22]	Shelby B, Vaske J J, Heberlein T A.Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 1989, 11(4): 269-291. doi: 10.1080/01490408909512227
[23]	Stokols D.On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research. Psychological Review, 1972, 79(3): 275-277. doi: 10.1037/h0032706
[24]	Schmidt D E, Keating J P.Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86(4): 680-700. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.680
[25]	Gramann J H, Burdge R J.Crowding perception determinantsat intensively developed outdoor recreation sites. Leisure Sciences, 1984, 6(2): 167-186. doi: 10.1080/01490408409513029
[26]	柴彦威, 谭一洺, 申悦. 空间-行为互动理论构建的基本思路. 地理研究, 2017, 36(10): 1959-1970.
	[Chai Yanwei, TanYiming, Shen Yue. Space-behavior interaction theory: Basic thinking of general construction. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(10): 1959-1970.]
[27]	戴琨, 游旭群, 晏碧华. 拥挤研究进: 概念、理论与影响因素. 应用心理学, 2010, 16(4): 362-368.
	[Dai Kun, You Xuqun, Yan Bihua.Research development of crowding studies: Concepts, heories and influence factors. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology, 2010, 16(4): 362-368.]
[28]	魏芬, 杨效忠. 户外游憩拥挤感知国外研究进展. 华东经济管理, 29(7): 156-161.
	[Wei Fen, Yang Xiaozhong.Research advances abroad about perceived crowding in outdoor recreation. East China Economic Management, 29(7): 156-161.]
[29]	刘宏盈, 马耀峰. 基于旅游感知安全指数的旅游安全研究: 以我国六大旅游热点城市为例. 干旱区资源与环境, 2008, 22(1): 118-121.
	[Liu Hongying, Ma Yaofeng.Tourism security research based on tourism apperceive security index. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2008, 22(1): 118-121.]
[30]	黄震方, 黄睿. 基于人地关系的旅游地理学理论透视与学术创新. 地理研究, 2015, 34(1): 15-26.
	[Huang Zhenfang, Huang Rui.The theoretical perspective and academic innovation of tourism geography based on human-environment interactions. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(1): 15-26.]