城市居民休闲与主观幸福感研究：以广州市为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020180710

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会经济的发展与生活方式的转变使城市居民的休闲行为面临转型,探讨当代中国城市居民的休闲与幸福感是新时代城市地理研究中的重要议题。结合休闲的时间与空间要素,构建“休闲-幸福感”理论模型,以广州市为例,在访谈和问卷调查的基础上,运用结构方程模型对城市居民休闲行为和主观幸福感进行研究。结果显示：休闲时间和休闲空间均会对城市居民的休闲参与产生正向的促进作用,但休闲时间的影响更大;休闲时间、休闲参与和休闲满意度会对主观幸福感产生显著的正向影响,其中,休闲满意度对主观幸福感的影响最大;而休闲满意度则受到休闲时间、休闲空间和休闲参与的影响;休闲参与和休闲满意度是建立休闲与幸福感内在联系的重要中介机制。

关键词: “休闲-幸福感”模型, 休闲空间, 休闲时间, 休闲满意度, 主观幸福感

Abstract:

With the development of social economy, leisure behavior of urban residents is changing. It is necessary to discuss the issue on urban residents’ leisure and well-being in modern China. Previous studies have explored the relationship between leisure and subject well-being from the perspectives of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction, but discussions on the mechanism between leisure and well-being have not reached a consensus conclusion, and should be further investigated. Leisure activities will inevitably involve leisure time and leisure space, however, most of the existing literature overlooked the influence of the objective factors. This paper expands the study of leisure and subjective well-being with the dimensions of time and space by establishing a structural equation model of “leisure and well-being”. Based on the structural equation model, this study analyzes the impacts of leisure time, leisure space, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction on the subjective well-being, by using the data of questionnaire survey in Guangzhou. The results show that both leisure participation and leisure satisfaction have significantly positive impacts on subjective well-being, which verifies both the activity theory and the need theory. Compared with leisure participation, leisure satisfaction has a greater impact on subjective well-being with a coefficient of 0.394. The results also show that both leisure time and leisure space are exogenous and have positive effects on leisure participation. More concentrated time and less time pressure will significantly improve leisure satisfaction and promote subjective well-being. Leisure space, including leisure places, facilities, environment and atmosphere are also important in leisure activities; however, leisure space does not show any direct impacts, but only indirect impacts on subjective well-being through leisure participation and leisure satisfaction. Thus, leisure participation and leisure satisfaction play intermediary roles in the relationship between leisure and well-being. The findings have important implications for promoting urban residents’ leisure behaviors and subjective well-being. First, considering the importance of leisure time, the government should implement the paid vacation system to improve leisure quality and subjective well-being of urban residents. Second, leisure space is greatly affected by the local culture and the unique characteristics of a city, and local government should emphasize its own leisure culture to enhance residents’ leisure participation. Last but not least, leisure is not equal to well-being, but can meet the individual’s needs in psychological, physical, social, aesthetic and other aspects. Thus, leisure industry should be further developed to improve residents’ leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being.

Key words: “leisure and well-being” model, leisure space, leisure time, leisure satisfaction, subjective well-being

王心蕊, 孙九霞. 城市居民休闲与主观幸福感研究：以广州市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(7): 1566-1580.

Xinrui WANG, Jiuxia SUN. Urban residents’ leisure and subjective well-being: Evidences from Guangzhou, China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(7): 1566-1580.

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潜变量	观测变量	问项	参考文献
休闲空间	休闲场所X₁	我进行休闲活动的场所多样	[17]、[20]
	休闲设施X₂	我进行休闲活动的地方设备齐全
	休闲环境X₃	我进行休闲活动的地方环境舒适
	休闲氛围X₄	我进行休闲活动的地方休闲气氛浓厚
休闲时间	时间充裕度X₅	我经常有时间进行休闲活动	[17]
	时间集中度X₆	我有较为集中的时间进行休闲活动
	时间压力X₇	我很少感受到来自时间的压力
休闲参与	大众媒体Y₁	我通过大众媒体进行休闲	[2]、[11]、[17]
	运动休闲Y₂	我通过运动进行休闲
	户外休闲Y₃	我通过户外活动进行休闲
	社交休闲Y₄	我通过社交活动进行休闲
	娱乐休闲Y₅	我通过娱乐活动进行休闲
	文化休闲Y₆	我通过文化活动进行休闲
	兴趣爱好Y₇	我通过兴趣爱好进行休闲
	旅游休闲Y₈	我通过短途或长途旅行进行休闲
休闲满意度	总体满意度Y₉	我对我的休闲活动非常满意	[10]、[11]、[38]
	心理需求Y₁₀	我的休闲活动让我心情舒畅
	身体需求Y₁₁	我的休闲活动有助于身体健康
	社交需求Y₁₂	我的休闲活动有助于建立与他人的良好关系
	放松需求Y₁₃	我的休闲活动能让我放松并释放压力
	教育需求Y₁₄	我在休闲活动中提升了多种不同的技能
	审美需求Y₁₅	我的休闲活动使我感受到新鲜
主观幸福感	生活满意度Y₁₆	我对现在的生活非常满意	[41]、[42]、[43]
	正面情绪Y₁₇	我经常会感受到快乐
	负面情绪Y₁₈	我很少会受到负面情绪的困扰

年龄（岁）			受教育程度			个人月收入（元）			每周休闲时间（h）
频数		比例（%）	频数		比例（%）	频数		比例（%）	频数		比例（%）
	≤ 17			初中及以下			≤ 3500			≤ 10
82		17.20	24		5.04	130		27.30	100		21.60
	18 ~ 29			高中/中专			3500 ~ 7000			10 ~ 20
141		29.60	76		16.00	148		31.10	144		30.30
	30 ~ 45			大专			7000 ~ 10000			20 ~ 30
103		21.60	94		19.70	92		19.30	136		28.60
	46 ~ 60			本科			10000 ~ 15000			30 ~ 50
86		18.10	230		48.30	67		14.10	64		13.40
	>60			硕士及以上			>15000			>50
64		13.40	52		10.90	39		8.19	29		6.09

变量	观测变量	因子载荷
变量	观测变量	1	2	3	4	5
休闲空间	X₁			0.762
	X₂			0.812
	X₃			0.844
	X₄			0.831
休闲时间	X₅					0.748
	X₆					0.781
	X₇					0.802
休闲参与	Y₁	0.773
	Y₂	0.831
	Y₃	0.658
	Y₄	0.752
	Y₅	0.824
	Y₆	0.759
	Y₇	0.789
	Y₈	0.798
休闲满意度	Y₉		0.684
	Y₁₀		0.844
	Y₁₁		0.712
	Y₁₂		0.702
	Y₁₃		0.838
	Y₁₄		0.747
	Y₁₅		0.797
主观幸福感	Y₁₆				0.833
	Y₁₇				0.835
	Y₁₈				0.840

拟合指标	X2/DF	GFI	AGFI	NFI	TLI	IFI	CFI	RMSEA
参考标准	< 3	> 0.9	> 0.9	> 0.9	> 0.9	> 0.9	> 0.9	< 0.05
初始模型拟合	3.369	0.870	0.840	0.888	0.908	0.919	0.918	0.071
初次修正模型	2.362	0.903	0.880	0.922	0.947	0.954	0.953	0.054
二次修正模型	1.337	0.946	0.933	0.956	0.987	0.989	0.988	0.027

潜变量	观测变量	非标准化参数估计值	标准误S.E.	C.R.（t-value)	P	标准化参数估计值	CR	AVE
休闲空间	X₁	1				0.737	0.882	0.652
	X₂	1.152	0.068	16.856	***	0.797
	X₃	1.375	0.076	18.138	***	0.862
	X₄	1.251	0.071	17.502	***	0.828
休闲时间	X₅	1				0.735	0.808	0.583
	X₆	1.097	0.076	14.469	***	0.757
	X₇	1.154	0.078	14.889	***	0.797
休闲参与	Y₁	1				0.764	0.916	0.578
	Y₂	1.073	0.056	19.193	***	0.834
	Y₃	0.851	0.059	14.325	***	0.647
	Y₄	0.983	0.060	16.510	***	0.733
	Y₅	1.161	0.060	19.438	***	0.844
	Y₆	1.034	0.069	15.044	***	0.677
	Y₇	1.015	0.063	16.210	***	0.722
	Y₈	1.110	0.058	19.138	***	0.832
休闲满意度	Y₉	1				0.737	0.910	0.591
	Y₁₀	1.133	0.070	16.082	***	0.749
	Y₁₁	1.072	0.067	15.989	***	0.744
	Y₁₂	1.292	0.081	15.975	***	0.744
	Y₁₃	1.144	0.071	16.173	***	0.753
	Y₁₄	1.354	0.077	17.561	***	0.813
	Y₁₅	1.403	0.078	18.073	***	0.836
主观幸福感	Y₁₆	1				0.849	0.906	0.763
	Y₁₇	1.055	0.043	24.368	***	0.896
	Y₁₈	0.991	0.042	23.680	***	0.874