中国避暑型与避寒型宜人气候的分布特征及差异

doi:10.11821/dlyj020180792

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

宜人气候可以分为避暑型和避寒型两种类型,但现有研究鲜有关注国内两类气候的分布特征及差异。本文采用1981—2010年2132个国家气象观测站数据,基于温湿指数、风寒指数和着衣指数计算各个气象站点的气候综合舒适指数,结合协同克里金空间插值方法对全国避暑型和避寒型宜人气候的分布特征进行了研究,并对两类气候的地域差异进行了分析。结果表明：① 中国避暑型气候区包括40°N以北的西北边疆和东北地区、西北中部地区及西南地区三大集中分布区。中国避寒型气候区集中分布在北回归线以南的低纬地区。② 国内夏冬两季的气候不舒适地域广阔,包括环渤海、长三角等经济发达、人口稠密地区,避暑型与避寒型气候资源的开发潜力显著。③ 两类宜人气候呈现明显的地域分离特征,拥有避暑和避寒双重属性的地方极少。④ 国内避寒型气候是稀缺资源,具有垄断性特征;而避暑型气候相对分布广泛,是一种相对遍在性资源。本文不仅丰富了宜人气候分布特征研究的理论成果,而且可为地方气候资源的旅游开发提供科学依据。

关键词: 避暑型气候, 避寒型气候, 气候舒适度, 空间分布, 中国

Abstract:

Comfortable climate consists of summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate. Insofar there has been little, if any, academic attention paid to the dichotomous climates, especially in terms of the characteristics as well as differences embedded in their spatial distribution across China. Building upon the statistics collected by 2132 national meteorological stations in China during the period of 1981-2010, this study has bridged this insufficiency in the extant literature. Specifically, climate comprehensive comfort index is calculated, using the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI), Wind-Chill Index (WCI) and Index of Clothing (ICL). Also, employing the Cokriging spatial interpolation method, this study sheds light on the characteristics and differences of the spatial distribution of summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate in China. As the research result manifests, (1) Summer comfortable climate in China is located in the frontier regions of Northwest and Northeast China lying north of 40°N, the central part of Northwest China and Southwest China. In contrast, the winter comfortable climate is mainly distributed at low latitudes, particularly lying south of the Tropic of Cancer. Specifically, it includes Hainan province and the southern part of Yunnan province, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Guangdong province, and Fujian province. (2) Since the weather and climate in most parts of China are perceived not so comfortable, especially over the Bohai Bay, the Yangtze River Delta as well as other economically developed and densely populated regions, and the development of these dichotomous comfortable climates appears to be potentially rewarding. (3) In addition, the dichotomous comfortable climates show obvious geographical separation characteristics, as there are few places that enjoy both summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate. (4) Overall, the winter comfortable climate could be a scarce resource with monopoly characteristic in China, while, the resource of the summer comfortable climate seems not so rare, in view of its relatively wide distribution. This study provides a wealth of insights that potentially hugely enrich the pre-exiting theories concerning spatial distribution of comfortable climates in China. Meanwhile, a scientific basis for the development of favorable climatic resources is contributed, accordingly.

Key words: summer comfortable climate, winter comfortable climate, climate comfort degree, spatial distribution, China

邓粒子, 保继刚. 中国避暑型与避寒型宜人气候的分布特征及差异[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(1): 41-52.

DENG Lizi, BAO Jigang. Spatial distribution of summer comfortable climate and winter comfortable climate in China and their differences[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(1): 41-52.

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参考文献 36

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气候综合舒适指数	舒适度等级
1≤C<3	不舒适
3≤C<5	较不舒适
5≤C<7	较舒适
7≤C<8	舒适
8≤C≤9	非常舒适

		夏季气候综合舒适指数				冬季气候综合舒适指数
		6月	7月	8月	夏季月均值	12月	1月	2月	冬季月均值
气象站点观测场海拔高度	皮尔森相关性	0.447	0.670	0.599	0.587	-0.246	-0.183	-0.229	-0.221
气象站点观测场海拔高度	显著性（双侧）	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

气象站点类型	气象站点（个）	占比（%）	主要分布省份	代表城市
避暑又避寒	4	0.19	云南	永德、西盟、临沧、绿春
避暑非避寒	610	28.61	内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、甘肃、陕西、云南、宁夏等	哈尔滨、长春、昆明、玉溪、曲靖、贵阳、毕节、六盘水等
避寒非避暑	180	8.44	云南、广西、广东、福建、海南	西双版纳、北海、湛江、茂名、江门、珠海、海口、三亚等
非避暑非避寒	1338	62.76	河北、河南、山东、安徽、湖南、湖北、江苏、浙江、四川等	—

	不舒适		较不舒适		较舒适		舒适		非常舒适
	面积	百分比	面积	百分比	面积	百分比	面积	百分比	面积	百分比
6月	0.94	0.10	113.79	11.99	469.38	49.46	314.24	33.11	50.62	5.33
7月	36.06	3.80	198.01	20.87	496.63	52.33	213.37	22.48	4.89	0.52
8月	11.52	1.21	205.05	21.61	419.89	44.25	288.88	30.44	23.63	2.49
夏季月均值	3.95	0.42	203.43	21.44	430.99	45.42	286.31	30.17	24.29	2.56
夏季均值	13.12	1.38	180.07	18.98	454.22	47.87	275.70	29.05	25.86	2.73
12月	656.38	69.17	101.57	10.70	157.89	16.64	30.57	3.22	2.56	0.27
1月	690.64	72.78	139.94	14.75	100.81	10.62	16.36	1.72	1.23	0.13
2月	619.40	65.27	131.17	13.82	162.42	17.12	35.36	3.73	0.63	0.07
冬季月均值	654.62	68.98	123.55	13.02	140.23	14.78	28.53	3.01	2.04	0.22
冬季均值	655.26	69.05	124.06	13.07	140.34	14.79	27.71	2.92	1.62	0.17