中国乡村振兴背景下的农业发展状态与产业兴旺途径

doi:10.11821/dlyj020181026

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国农业竞争力偏弱,农业发展关乎农业农村现代化目标的实现。本文引入“要素-结构-功能”分析框架,探讨了乡村振兴背景下中国农业发展与产业兴旺的理论基础,解析了中国农业发展特征、影响因素与兴旺路径。结果表明：① 农业乡村已由特别强调农产品生产与社会稳定,转向兼顾产品供应、社会稳定、文化传承、生态涵养等诸多功能。农业的多功能属性,支撑了中国农业的基础地位与广阔的发展空间。② 基于比较优势进行分工、通过产品差异化以提高农业附加值、加强政府支持以化解市场失灵、促进“人”“地”“业”协调耦合,是推动农业发展的主要理论选项。③ 中国农业发展过程中,间接利益相关者的获得感要强于农民群体,同时还面临农业劳动生产效率偏低等瓶颈问题。④ 考虑农业的多功能属性与现实问题,建议切实推动中国农业发展由增产导向转向提质增效,促进产镇融合、产村融合,建立农业要素功能显化增殖机制与“进得来、留得住、能受益”的生产要素配置机制,提高农业支持政策的针对性、协同性与联动性,推动中国农业发展与产业兴旺。

关键词: 农业功能, 农业发展, 产业兴旺, 乡村振兴

Abstract:

China’s agricultural competitiveness is weak and agricultural development is hence related to agricultural and rural modernization. The research applies the ‘element-structure-function’ analysis framework to discuss the theoretical basis of China’s agricultural development and industrial prosperity, and to analyze the characteristics, influencing factors and development paths of China’s agricultural development. The results indicate that: (1) Agriculture and rural areas have shifted from emphasizing on agricultural production and social stability to incorporating many functions including product supply, social stability, cultural heritage and ecological conservation. The multi-functional nature of agriculture supports the foundation and the broad space for agricultural development of China. (2) The main theoretical options to promote agricultural development are division of labor based on comparative advantage, increasing agricultural added value by product differentiation, resolving market failures by strengthening government support, and promoting the coordinated relationship among “people”, “land” and “industry”. (3) During the development process of China’s agriculture, the sense of gaining of indirect stakeholder is stronger than that of farmers, and meanwhile, it faces bottlenecks such as low agricultural labor productivity. (4) Considering the multi-functional nature and reality of agriculture, we provide some recommendations to improve China’s agricultural development and industrial prosperity. These includes practically shifting the focus of China’s agricultural development from production increase to quality and efficiency improvement, promoting the integrations between production and towns as well as production and villages, establishing a functional mechanism of agricultural factors and a “accessible, retainable, and beneficial” distribution mechanism of production factors, and increasing the pertinence, coordination and linkage of supportive agricultural policies.

Key words: agricultural function, agricultural development, industrial prosperity, rural revitalization

陈秧分, 刘玉, 李裕瑞. 中国乡村振兴背景下的农业发展状态与产业兴旺途径[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 632-642.

Yangfen CHEN, Yu LIU, Yurui LI. Agricultural development status and industrial prosperity path under the background of rural revitalization in China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(3): 632-642.

图/表 5

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

参考文献 36

[1]	陈秧分, 刘彦随. 农村土地整治模式与机制研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2017.
	[Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui.Research on the Mode and Mechanism of Rural Land Consolidation, Beijing: Science Press, 2017.]
[2]	刘彦随, 刘玉, 翟荣新. 中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10): 1193-1202. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.005
	[Liu Yansui, Liu Yu, Zhai Rongxin.Geographical research and optimizing practice of rural hollowing in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(10): 1193-1202.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.005
[3]	Long Hualou, Liu Yansui.Rural restructuring in China. Journal of Rural Studies, 2016, 47: 387-391. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.028
[4]	Liu Yansui, Li Yuheng.Revitalize the world's countryside. Nature, 2017, 548(7667): 275-277. doi: 10.1038/548275a
[5]	王国刚, 刘合光, 钱静斐, 等. 中国农业生产经营主体变迁及其影响效应. 地理研究, 2017, 36(6): 1081-1090. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201706007
	[Wang Guogang, Liu Heguang, Qian Jingfei, et al.The change of agricultural business entities and its influence effect. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(6): 1081-1090.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201706007
[6]	董梅生, 杨德才. 工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化互动关系研究: 基于VAR模型. 农业技术经济, 2014, (4): 14-24.
	[Dong Meisheng, Yang Decai.Research on the interaction between industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization: Based on VAR model. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2014, (4): 14-24.]
[7]	李裕瑞, 王婧, 刘彦随, 等. 中国“四化”协调发展的区域格局及其影响因素. 地理学报, 2014, 69(2): 199-212. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201402005
	[Li Yurui, Wang Jing, Liu Yansui, et al.Spatial pattern and influencing factors of the coordination development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization in China: A prefecture level exploratory spatial data analysis. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(2): 199-212.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201402005
[8]	刘彦随, 张紫雯, 王介勇. 中国农业地域分异与现代农业区划方案. 地理学报, 2018, 73(2): 203-218.
	[ Liu Yansui, Zhang Ziwen, Wang Jieyong .Regional differentiation and comprehensive regionalization scheme of modern agriculture in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(2): 203-218.]
[9]	周振, 孔祥智. 中国“四化”协调发展格局及其影响因素研究: 基于农业现代化视角. 中国软科学, 2015, (10): 9-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2015.10.002
	[Zhou Zhen, Kong Xiangzhi.A study on the pattern of coordinated development of China's "four modernizations" and its influencing factors: Based on the perspective of agricultural modernization. China Soft Science, 2015, (10): 9-26.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2015.10.002
[10]	黄祖辉, 邵峰, 朋文欢. 推进工业化、城镇化和农业现代化协调发展. 中国农村经济, 2013, (1): 8-14.
	[Huang Zuhui, Shao Feng, Peng Wenhuan.Promoting the coordinated development of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. Chinese Rural Economy, 2013, (1): 8-14.]
[11]	黄季焜. 四十年中国农业发展改革和未来政策选择. 农业技术经济, 2018, (3): 4-15.
	[Huang Jikun.Forty years of China's agricultural development reform and future policy options. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2018, (3): 4-15.]
[12]	张珂垒, 蒋和平, 相一华. 美国构建发展现代农业的政策体系及其对中国的启示. 世界农业, 2009, (8): 29-33. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2009.08.009
	[Zhang Kelei, Jiang Heping, Xiang Yihua.The policy system of building modern agriculture in the United States and its enlightenment to China. World Agriculture, 2009, (8): 29-33.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2009.08.009
[13]	陈秧分, 王国刚, 孙炜琳. 乡村振兴战略中的农业地位与农业发展. 农业经济问题, 2018, (1): 20-26.
	[Chen Yangfen, Wang Guogang, Sun Weilin.Agricultural status and agricultural development in the rural revitalization strategy. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2018, (1): 20-26.]
[14]	黄季焜. 农业供给侧结构性改革的关键问题: 政府职能和市场作用. 中国农村经济, 2018, (2): 2-14.
	[Huang Jikun.Key issues in supply-side structural reform of agriculture: Government functions and market roles. Chinese Rural Economy, 2018, (2): 2-14.]
[15]	骆世明. 农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, (1): 1-7. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160838
	[Luo Shiming.Agricultural ecological transformation and China's eco agriculture construction path. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, (1): 1-7.] doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160838
[16]	Tian S, Gill R.Developing effective policies for the sustainable development of ecological agriculture in China: the case study of Jinshan County with a systems dynamics model. Ecological Economics, 2005, 53(2): 223-246. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.08.006
[17]	Yu J, Wu J.The sustainability of agricultural development in China: The agriculture-environment nexus. Sustainability, 2018, 10(6): 1-17. doi: 10.3390/su10020001
[18]	刘彦随, 陆大道. 中国农业结构调整基本态势与区域效应. 地理学报, 2003, 58(3): 381-389. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2003.03.007
	[Liu Yansui, Lu Dadao.The basic trend and regional effect of agricultural structure adjustment in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(3): 381-389.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2003.03.007
[19]	蔡昉, 王美艳. 从穷人经济到规模经济: 发展阶段变化对中国农业提出的挑战. 经济研究, 2016, (5): 14-26.
	[Cai Fang, Wang Meiyan.From the poor economy to the scale economy: Challenges to China's agriculture in the changing stages of development. Economic Research Journal, 2016, (5): 14-26.]
[20]	魏后凯. 中国农业发展的结构性矛盾及其政策转型. 中国农村经济, 2017, (5): 2-17.
	[Wei Houkai.Structural contradictions and policy transformation of China's agricultural development. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017, (5): 2-17.]
[21]	翁鸣. 中国农业转型升级与现代农业发展: 新常态下农业转型升级研讨会综述. 中国农村经济, 2017, (4): 88-95.
	[Weng Ming.China's agricultural transformation and upgrading and the development of modern agriculture: A summary of the Seminar on Agricultural Transformation and Upgrading under the New Normal. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017, (4): 88-95.]
[22]	郑有贵. 农业转型升级对政府强依赖的原因及其对策. 农业经济问题, 2016, (10): 4-8.
	[Zheng Yougui.Reasons and countermeasures for the strong dependence of agricultural transformation and upgrading on the government. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2016, (10): 4-8.]
[23]	Chen Y, Liu Y, Xu K.Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City, Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science, 2010, 20(6): 545-553. doi: 10.1007/s11769-010-0430-4
[24]	张社梅, 李冬梅. 农业供给侧结构性改革的内在逻辑及推进路径. 农业经济问题, 2017, (8): 59-65.
	[Zhang Shemei, Li Dongmei.Inherent logic and advancing path of agricultural supply-side structural reform. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2017, (8): 59-65.]
[25]	高玉喜. 农业份额下降与农业地位. 农业现代化研究, 1994, 15(5): 266-270.
	[Gao Yuxi.Declining agricultural share and agricultural status. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 1994, 15(5): 266-270.]
[26]	林毅夫. 西方农业发展基本理论述评. 农业经济问题, 1988, (11): 60-64.
	[Lin Yifu.A review of the basic theories of western agricultural development. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 1988, (11): 60-64.]
[27]	黄锡, 屠曾长, 张三林, 等. 城市化进程中的一个重大课题: 苏州市农业地位功能及其发展方向的研究. 上海农村经济, 2004, (12): 38-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6485.2004.12.010
	[Huang Xi, Tu Cengzhang, Zhang Sanlin, et al.A major issue in the process of urbanization: Study on the status and function of agriculture in Suzhou and its development direction. Shanghai Rural Economy, 2004, (12): 38-41.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6485.2004.12.010
[28]	张培刚. 农业与工业化(上): 农业国工业化问题初探. 武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2002.
	[Zhang Peigang.Agriculture and Industrialization (Part I): A Preliminary Study of Industrialization in Agricultural Countries. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2002.]
[29]	Simon Kuznets. Economic growth and the contribution of agriculture: Notes on measurement, 1961 Conference, August 19-30, 1961, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 209625, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
[30]	Hall C, Mcvittie A, Moran D.What does the public want from agriculture and the countryside? A review of evidence and methods. Journal of Rural Studies, 2004, 20(2): 211-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2003.08.004
[31]	Wilson GA.Multifunctional agriculture: a transition theory perspective. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 2007. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.001
[32]	房艳刚, 刘继生. 基于多功能理论的中国乡村发展多元化探讨: 超越“现代化”发展范式. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 257-270. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201502007
	[Fang Yangang, Liu Jisheng.Diversified agriculture and rural development in China based on multifunction theory: Beyond modernization paradigm. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2): 257-270.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201502007
[33]	陈秧分, 黄修杰, 王丽娟. 多功能理论视角下的中国乡村振兴与评估. 中国农业资源与区划, 2018, (6): 201-209. doi: 10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.20180630
	[Chen Yangfen, Huang Xiujie, Wang Lijuan.China's rural revitalization and evaluation from the perspective of multi-functional theory. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2018, (6): 201-209.] doi: 10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.20180630
[34]	安悦, 周国华, 贺艳华, 等. 基于“三生”视角的乡村功能分区及调控: 以长株潭地区为例. 地理研究, 2018, 37(4): 695-703.
	[An Yue, Zhou Guohua, He Yanhua, et al., Research on the functional zoning and regulation of rural areas based on the production-life-ecological function perspective: A case study of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan area. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(4): 695-703.]
[35]	刘玉, 冯健. 城乡结合部农业地域功能实现程度及变化趋势: 以北京为例. 地理研究, 2017, 36(4): 673-683. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201704006
	[ Liu Yu, Feng Jian.Analysis on execution and change of regional function of agriculture in rural-urban fringe: A case study of Beijing. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(4): 673-683.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201704006
[36]	Chen Y F, Li X D, Liu Y.Increasing China’s agricultural labor productivity: Comparison and policy implications from major agrarian countries. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2018, 9(6): 575-584. doi: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.06.001

潜在因素与变量	度量方法	农业劳动生产率(Y₁₉₆₁)	农业劳动生产率(Y₂₀₁₃)
农业劳动生产率Y₁₉₆₁	农业产出/农业劳动力（美元/人）	1.000	0.753**（0.000）
土地资源丰腴程度X₁	农业用地面积/总人口（hm²/人）	0.506**（0.003）	0.413*（0.019）
农业劳动力剩余程度X_2,2013	农业劳动力数量/总劳动力数量（%）	—	-0.675**（0.000）
农业劳动力投入强度X_3,1961	农业劳动力数量/农业用地面积（人/hm²）	-0.500**（0.004）	—
农业劳动力投入强度X_3,2013	农业劳动力数量/农业用地面积（人/hm²）	—	-0.601**（0.000）
农业机械化水平X_4,1961	40马力当量的农场拖拉机数量/农业用地面积（台/hm²）	0.553**（0.001）	—
农业机械化水平X_4,2013	40马力当量的农场拖拉机数量/农业用地面积（台/hm²）	—	0.043（0.813）
生物化投入X_5,1961	综合的化肥消费量/农业用地面积（kg/hm²）	0.410*（0.020）	—
生物化投入X_5,2013	综合的化肥消费量/农业用地面积（kg/hm²）	—	0.127（0.487）
农产品加工化程度X_6,2013	食品饮料制造增加值/农林牧渔增加值	—	0.418*（0.034）
农业产业结构X_7,1961	种植业产值/农业总产值	-0.801**（0.000）	—
农业产业结构X_7,2013	种植业产值/农业总产值	—	-0.434*（0.013）
农业相对生产效率X_{8, 2013}	第一产业产值比重/第一产业就业比重	—	0.450*（0.014）

年份	要素					结构						功能				机制
年份	基础设施与公共服务	新型主体培育	科技创新推广	劳动力培训与转移	资金投入	农产品质量	农业结构	农业多功能	农产品加工	销售与流通	农业国际合作	农业绿色发展	乡村文化	乡村治理	小农与现代农业	体制机制
2004	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	—	√	√	√	—	—	—	—	√
2005	√	—	√	√	√	○	√	—	√	√	○	—	√	○	—	○
2006	√	○	√	√	○	○	√	—	√	√	○	—	√	√	—	√
2007	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	○	√	○	○	—	√
2008	√	√	√	√	√	√	○	—	√	√	○	○	√	√	—	√
2009	√	√	√	√	√	√	—	—	○	√	√	—	√	—	—	√
2010	√	○	√	○	√	○	—	○	○	√	√	√	√	√	—	√
2011	√	—	—	—	√	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	√
2012	√	√	√	○	√	○	—	—	—	√	—	○	○	—	—	√
2013	√	√	○	√	√	√	—	○	○	√	—	—	○	√	—	√
2014	√	√	√	√	√	√	—	—	—	√	√	√	○	√	—	√
2015	√	—	√	○	√	√	√	○	○	√	√	√	√	√	—	√
2016	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	○	√	—	√
2017	√	√	√	○	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	○	○	—	√
2018	√	√	○	√	√	√	○	√	○	○	√	√	√	√	√	√