转型视阈下珠三角地区乡村发展过程及地域模式梳理

doi:10.11821/dlyj020181092

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在乡村振兴战略背景下,系统梳理珠三角地区的乡村发展演变历程及其主要地域模式,对中国乡村发展和振兴的科学路径选择具有重要参考价值。珠三角地区的乡村发展演变历经了4个阶段。① 1978年以前,传统乡村发展阶段。在国际市场需求刺激下出现“弃田筑塘,废稻树桑”,逐渐形成桑基鱼塘的有机循环农业生产模式,呈现出传统农业景观。② 1978—2000年,工业化驱动发展阶段。以乡镇企业嫁接外资形式推动了自下而上的工业化和城镇化,乡村空间逐渐形成了“生活居住+农业生产+工业生产”三位一体的功能结构,空间分化与混杂性特征显著。③ 2000—2008年,城市化与都市化双轨并行阶段。政府主导的城市土地开发和基础设施投资建设,促使珠三角地区逐渐演变为“大集聚,小分散”的城乡发展转型空间格局。④ 2008年至今,都市化驱动乡村急剧转型阶段。珠三角都市圈建设进程加快,城乡体系逐步向一体化和网络化发展,乡村地区的产业发展趋向多元分化,乡村破碎化的非正规空间促使形成全球城市区域下马赛克式分布的空间格局。基于不同区位的外部性和内生性因素的差异性,珠三角地区的乡村发展模式可归纳为城市区域型、近郊型、远郊型等不同地域类型。在乡村发展转型过程中,外部性的环境变化、内部要素分化与重构机制直接影响到乡村振兴的科学路径和模式选择。

关键词: 乡村发展, 工业化, 城市化, 地域模式, 乡村振兴, 珠三角地区

Abstract:

This paper systematically reviews the evolution of rural development and major regional models in the Pearl River Delta Region, within the context of a rural revitalization strategy. This review provides solid scientific bases for the selection of rural development and revitalization strategies in China. Rural development in the Pearl River Delta has experienced four stages. The first stage, called “traditional rural development”, took place before 1978. In response to international market demands, a large amount of farmland was converted into ponds, for the cultivation of rice and mulberry: the land started to be cultivated intensively and the “mulberry-dike-fish-pond complex” gradually formed, showing the traditional agricultural landscape. The second stage (1978-2000) was driven by industrialization. In the context of two international industrial transfers, foreign investments have been acquired by township enterprises; additionally, the bottom-up approach to industrialization and urbanization gradually created a functional structure known as “living + agricultural production + industrial production. ” The “de-villagization” of industry promoted a continuous differentiation of the rural space: it resulted in plaque-like industrial and urban spaces, planar-like agricultural production spaces, and point-like rural living spaces. The third stage (2000-2008) saw the coexistence of urbanization and metropolitanization. Government-led urban land developments and new investments in infrastructure construction, gradually transformed the Pearl River Delta region into an urban-rural “large cluster, small scatter” area. The fourth stage, a period of rapid transformation and rural under-urbanization, started in 2008 and still continues at present: the Pearl River Delta metropolitan area has undergone a process of rapid construction, the urban and rural systems have been gradually integrated and networked, and the industrial development of rural areas has diversified. The presence of fragmented informal space has led to the formation of mosaic-like spatial patterns under metropolitan area. Based on the differences in externalities and endogenous factors at different locations, the rural development models in the Pearl River Delta region can be classified into city, suburbs, and far-suburbs. In conclusion, external environmental changes and internal factors (i.e., differentiation, reconstruction) seem to directly affect the direction and modality of rural development and revitalization.

Key words: rural development, industrialization, urbanization, areal model, rural revitalization, Pearl River Delta Region

杨忍, 陈燕纯, 龚建周. 转型视阈下珠三角地区乡村发展过程及地域模式梳理[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 725-740.

Ren YANG, Yanchun CHEN, Jianzhou GONG. Evolution and regional model of rural development in the Pearl River Delta Region, China, under rapid transformation development[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2019, 38(3): 725-740.

图/表 2

表1

表2

珠三角乡村不同区位下的地域发展模式"

模式	外部环境	区位条件	类型	产业	动力	分布	特点	问题	典型案例
城市区域乡镇企业发展推动型	改革开放; 香港产业转移	毗邻香港;交通便利;集体经济基础坚实;侨乡	工业社区;文化社区	外向型制造业	乡镇企业; 产业园; 社会文化	顺德、南海、中山、东莞等	集体经济实力强,文化氛围好,基础设施完善,本地与外来人口混居,就地城镇化,社区化,文化和治理主体多元化,生计、土地、产业非农化	本地人与外来人口的融合问题、外来人口的治理管理问题	中山永宁村、佛山西华村、龙眼村和沙边村
城市区域工业集聚型	90年代第二次全球产业转移	毗邻城市商圈;交通便利	城中村	低端制造业、物业租赁业	依托商圈的关系邻近与地理邻近、族群关系网	广州市商业区居多	同行业空间集聚,乡缘社区,人口地域多元性,重塑社区认同和地方感,生计、土地、产业非农化	非正规性	广州康乐村、东风村
城市区域保护更新型	城市空间迅速扩张	毗邻市区;交通便利;历史积淀深厚	古村落	旅游业、文化创意产业	政府规划建设;创意阶层驱动;社区参与	广州市老城区	社区化、历史文化特色、文化多元化、参与主体多元化,生计、土地、产业非农化	村民维持较低层次的经济参与方式	广州小洲村、黄埔古村、深井村
城市区域全面更新型	城市规划建设空间扩张,土地需求增大	毗邻城市黄金地段;交通便利	城中村	房地产、物业租赁业	政府	广州、深圳等	社区化,整体拆除重建,村民重新安置和集中居住,生计、土地、产业非农化	“钉子户”等社会问题、乡村特色消失	广州猎德村
近郊产业集聚型	区域交通条件改善;城市生产成本上升	毗邻城市;交通便利	工业村	低端制造业、物业租赁业、电商服务业	工业园依托、族群关系网	广州等城市边缘区	乡缘社区、多元化、集中化、立体化	主观劳动力问题	广州里仁洞村、瑞宝村
近郊旅游开发型	城市居民越来越向往乡村自然	毗邻城市;交通便利;旅游资源丰富	旅游区	体验型旅游业、物业租赁业	自主创业、关系网络	深圳等城市短时交通圈内	社区主体多元化、文化多元化、内生性	环境污染等问题	深圳官湖村
模式	外部环境	区位条件	类型	产业	动力	分布	特点	问题	典型案例
远郊电商集聚型	信息技术变革,产业升级转型	交通便利;人口众多	淘宝村	电商服务业	政府	粤东西北的中心镇或中心村	小型店铺经营形式	同质化竞争、人才匮乏等问题	揭阳军埔村
远郊旅游开发型	旅游业兴起	偏远山区;土地贫瘠;旅游资源丰富	旅游区	观光旅游业	依托较大型景区开发	丹霞地貌等原生态远郊地区	村落内地理位置优势不同而空间分化明显、社区参与旅游、景区参与管理	生态环境问题	韶关瑶塘村
远郊传统农业型	二、三产业发展;生计非农化,农用地边际化	人口持续外流;耕作环境较好	传统村落	种植农业	土地流转制度	广大城市外围乡村地区	离乡不离土的人口流动形式、耕地资源的优化配置	代耕农群体发展问题	惠州铁场村
远郊现代农业型	市场经济发展,农业生产技术和管理水平提高	偏远山区;人多地少	新农村	农业产业化、生态旅游业	龙头企业、土地流转	广大城市外围乡村地区	品牌化,规模化,市场导向,一村一品,企业化管理	农民文化和技术水平不高、资金来源等问题	梅州长教村
远郊自然演化型	城乡差距拉大	偏远山区、土地生产力低下、历史资源保留较好	古村落、贫困村等	种植农业	自然条件	粤西北等山区	空心化、贫困化、土地高投入低产出	历史资源保护问题、留守群体等社会问题	广州塱头古村、梅州茶山村、江门仓东村

表2

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时间	阶段	动力	产业	制度	治理	土地利用	空间	景观
1978年以前	传统农村发展阶段	一口通商	相对发达的农业和工商业	时开时禁,以禁为主的海禁政策、人民公社等	宗族治理	桑基鱼塘	以广州为单核心的空间格局	均质化单一传统农业景观
1978— 2000年	工业化驱动发展阶段	农村改革、乡镇企业发展、外商直接投资	贸工农型、劳动密集型	家庭联产承包责任制、市场制度、对外开放、权力下放、土地股份制	乡政村治	“非正规”土地开发,建制镇建设用地分散蔓延,土地资本化	“小集聚、大分散”的空间格局	工农景观混杂
2000— 2008年	城市化与都市化双轨并行发展阶段	政府主导的土地开发和基础设施建设	资金、技术密集型	行政区划兼并、村改居等	社区治理	城市空间快速扩张,乡村空间不断萎缩	“大集聚,小分散”的空间格局	城乡景观叠合混杂、城中村景观
2009年至今	都市化下乡村急剧转型阶段	都市圈建设、政府干预、产业升级转型	多元产业	新农村建设、三旧改造等	社区治理	城市空间大规模扩张,乡村空间逐渐消亡	大城市群下马赛克式的空间格局	同质化新村社区景观