新疆绿洲乡村聚落空间分布特征及其影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190368

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村聚落研究是乡村地理学研究的核心内容,探讨地域乡村聚落空间特征与影响机理,具有重要的理论与现实意义。利用遥感解译数据,借助空间分析方法揭示新疆绿洲乡村聚落空间分布特征,结合地理探测器技术探讨其空间分异的影响因素;选择阿勒泰样区、天山北坡样区、吐鲁番样区和喀什样区进一步明晰不同自然和社会经济背景下绿洲乡村聚落空间分异的主控因素。结果表明：新疆绿洲乡村聚落密度小、规模小,以集聚模式为主,邻近乡镇中心、道路、河流分布特征明显;乡村聚落空间分布受到乡镇道路可达性、到县城道路可达性、坡度、到河流邻近距离、气温和高程等因素影响,而受社会、经济因素影响不显著。四大样区乡村聚落分布的主控因素存在明显差异,应依据各样区村落发展基础与主控因素,探索不同的乡村聚落空间优化模式与发展振兴方向。

关键词: 乡村聚落, 空间分布, 影响因素, 样区, 新疆

Abstract:

The study of rural settlements is the core content of rural geography. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of regional rural settlements. Based on the remote sensing interpretation data, the spatial pattern and influencing factors of rural settlements in Xinjiang oasis areas were analyzed by using the methods of spatial analysis and geographical detector technique. To reveal the rural settlement spatial influencing mechanism, and explore the rural settlement space reconstruction and optimization approaches, we selected Altay area, north slope of Tianshan Mountains area, Turpan Basin area and Kashgar area as sample areas for further analysis. The results show that: the oasis rural settlements in Xinjiang are small both in density and in scale, and are mainly concentrated in the distribution mode, characterized by a spatial distribution pattern of "dense plain, sparse mountain, no village desert", which presents two major density core belts of oasis on the north and south slopes of Tianshan Mountains. Firstly, rural settlements are mainly distributed in middle- and high-altitude areas (500-3500 m), flat and gentle slope areas (<15 °) and warm areas (annual average temperature 0-10 ℃). Secondly, rural settlements are distributed near the center of towns, which are less affected by the radiation from the center of cities and counties. Finally, rural settlements obviously gather along the roads and rivers, with the feature that the closer they are to the roads and rivers, the larger the number and scale of rural settlements. The spatial distribution of rural settlements in Xinjiang is mainly influenced by factors such as the accessibility of roads to towns, the accessibility of roads to counties, slope, proximity to rivers, temperatures and elevations. In other words, under these extreme geographical and ecological environment conditions in arid areas, the natural environment and geographical conditions are still the main influencing factors, and the traffic factors play an important guiding role, while the influence of economic and social factors are not significant. There are obvious differences in natural conditions and social-economic development levels in the four sample areas, and so do the dominant factors of the distribution of rural settlements. The north slope of Tianshan Mountains area and Kashgar area are affected by road accessibility factors, while Altay area and Turpan Basin area by terrain and water source, respectively. Road accessibility factors have different influences on the spatial distribution of rural settlements in various areas. In the future, the optimization and development of rural settlements should focus on the strengthening of the planning of transportation lines and the improvement of transportation infrastructure, so as to promote the flow and sharing of urban-rural elements, as well as the integration and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Key words: rural settlements, spatial distribution, influencing factor, sample area, Xinjiang

林金萍, 雷军, 吴世新, 杨振, 李建刚. 新疆绿洲乡村聚落空间分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(5): 1182-1199.

LIN Jinping, LEI Jun, WU Shixin, YANG Zhen, LI Jiangang. Spatial pattern and influencing factors of oasis rural settlements in Xinjiang, China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(5): 1182-1199.

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影响因素及分级	乡村聚落数量（个）	比例（%）	面积（hm²）	比例（%）	平均面积（hm²）
高程（m）
<200	185	1.66	5768.12	1.53	31.18
200~500	1686	15.15	70440.04	18.74	41.78
500~1000	3118	28.02	133405.30	35.49	42.79
1000~3500	5953	53.51	163282.72	43.44	27.43
>3500	184	1.65	2974.87	0.79	16.17
坡度（°）
<5	1856	18.73	52850.35	65.43	28.48
5~15	7411	74.81	27140.56	33.60	3.66
15~25	476	4.80	632.37	0.78	1.33
25~35	92	0.93	115.49	0.14	1.26
>35	72	0.73	39.64	0.05	1.61
河流（km）
<10	4717	41.29	158266.23	39.30	33.55
10~20	5403	47.30	192126.82	47.71	35.56
20~30	586	5.13	22796.35	5.66	38.90
30~50	393	3.44	16447.85	4.08	41.85
>50	325	2.84	13062.02	3.24	40.19
气温（°C）
<-10	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
-10~-5	1	0.01	26.48	0.01	26.48
-5~0	76	0.71	3138.22	0.87	41.29
0~10	7392	68.90	268500.12	74.77	36.32
>10	3260	30.38	87437.24	24.35	26.82
降水（mm）
<50	997	9.25	26153.63	7.23	26.23
50~100	4928	45.74	123967.48	34.25	25.16
100~200	2263	21.00	84338.92	23.30	37.27
200~400	2390	22.18	117172.08	32.37	49.03
>400	196	1.82	10346.81	2.86	52.79

行进时间分级（h）	乡村聚落数量（个）	比例（%）	面积（hm²）	比例（%）	平均面积（hm²）
到地级
<2	543	4.91	20053.92	5.37	36.93
2~4	1472	13.32	54631.71	14.64	37.11
4~12	4714	42.65	170720.50	45.73	36.22
12~24	3629	32.83	109675.99	29.38	30.22
>24	695	6.29	18200.74	4.88	26.19
到县（区）
<2	2711	23.87	91929.75	23.44	33.91
2~4	3717	32.73	127680.31	32.56	34.35
4~12	4391	38.66	157693.30	40.21	35.91
12~24	515	4.53	14500.03	3.70	28.16
>24	23	0.20	394.26	0.10	17.14
到乡镇
<1	6609	56.42	246326.67	61.32	37.27
1~4	4950	42.26	151125.41	37.62	30.53
4~12	152	1.30	4216.84	1.05	27.74
12~24	3	0.03	36.65	0.01	12.22
>24	0	0.00	0.00	0.00	0

指标名称	指标含义	指标属性
人均GDP	地区生产总值/总人口数（元/人）	正向指标
城乡居民收入比	城镇居民人均可支配收入/农民人均可支配收入	负向指标
流动人口占比	（常住人口-户籍人口）/常住人口	正向指标
少数民族占比	地区少数民族人口数/总人口数	正向指标

影响要素及分级	乡村聚落数量（个）	比例（%）	面积（hm²）	比例（%）	平均面积（hm²）
人均GDP（万元）
<1.48	1831	16.96	41399.36	11.48	22.61
1.48~3.13	3657	33.88	124140.80	34.42	33.95
3.13~5.58	3442	31.89	124707.40	34.58	36.23
5.58~11.22	1795	16.63	67801.26	18.00	37.77
>11.22	70	0.65	2598.62	0.72	37.12
城乡收入比
<1.44	1621	15.05	73925.13	20.56	45.61
1.44~1.89	3266	30.32	122827.00	34.17	37.61
1.89~2.26	770	7.15	32973.02	9.17	42.82
2.26~3.30	4238	39.35	108328.30	30.13	25.56
>3.30	876	8.13	21453.59	5.97	24.49
流动人口（万人）
<8.99	2848	26.35	80924.13	22.42	28.41
8.99~15.45	2581	23.88	82225.93	22.78	31.86
15.45~25.58	3597	33.28	137176.30	38.01	38.14
25.58~42.55	1708	15.80	57116.12	15.83	33.44
>42.55	74	0.68	3437.51	0.95	46.45
少数民族占比（%）
<36.55	2870	26.61	108594.10	30.21	37.84
36.55~55.86	1694	15.70	60611.83	16.86	35.78
55.86~75.92	1357	12.58	62040.44	17.26	45.72
75.92~86.14	1924	17.84	58973.51	16.40	30.65
>86.14	2942	27.27	69310.98	19.28	23.56

P值	高程	坡度	到河流邻近距离	到地级道路可达性	到县城道路可达性	到乡镇道路可达性
天北样区	0.18	0.01	0.05	0.20	0.25	0.26
阿勒泰样区	0.13	0.01	0.06	0.17	0.07	0.08
吐鲁番样区	0.05	0.01	0.15	0.04	0.13	0.06
喀什样区	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.10	0.07