青藏高原和阿尔卑斯山山体效应的对比研究

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190755

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山体效应不仅对气候产生重大影响,也对区域地理生态格局有深远影响,尤其是它对山地垂直带分布和结构类型等的影响已经为地理学家和地植物学家所认识。目前相关研究主要集中在山体效应定量化方面,缺少不同山地山体效应的对比研究,因此对山体效应的区域差异性了解不足。本文选择欧亚大陆上具有明显山体效应的两个山地青藏高原和阿尔卑斯山为研究对象,利用收集到的气象台站观测数据、林线和DEM数据以及基于MODIS地表温度估算的青藏高原和阿尔卑斯山气温数据等,通过对比分析青藏高原与阿尔卑斯山相同海拔高度上的气温以及林线分布高度等来探讨两个山地的山体效应差异性。分析结果表明青藏高原的山体效应比阿尔卑斯山更为强烈,表现为：① 由于山体效应影响,在相同海拔高度上（4500 m）,青藏高原内部气温远高于阿尔卑斯山的气温,尤其是在最热月高原内部气温比阿尔卑斯山内部气温高10~15℃,在最冷月高原内部气温比阿尔卑斯山内部气温高5~10℃。② 由于山体效应影响,青藏高原内部林线也远高于阿尔卑斯山内部林线,约高2000~3000 m。本研究将为山体效应的影响因素分析奠定基础,同时对于揭示欧亚大陆山地生态系统格局具有一定的科学意义。

关键词: 山体效应, 青藏高原, 阿尔卑斯山, 林线, 等温线, 气温

Abstract:

Mountain elevation effect (MEE) not only produces important effect on climate, but also has profound implications for regional geo-ecology pattern. Most researches have been focused on its role as the heat source in summer and its implications for Asian climate, but little has been done on the comparative study of MEE among different mountains and theirs implications for the position of mountain altitudinal belts (MABs). Therefore, there is insufficient understanding of the regional differences of MEE, and the accuracy of the digital model of the mountain effect is not high, which seriously interferes with our understanding of the mechanism of the MEE and its influence on the vertical zone. This article selects the two mountainous regions of Eurasia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Alps, which have obvious mountain effects as the study areas. Using estimated air temperature data, alpine tree line data and ASTER GDEM data, this paper compares air temperature at the same altitude and the distribution heights of alpine tree lines between the two mountains and demonstrates the differences of MEE between the Tibetan Plateau and the Alps. The results indicate that the MEE of the Tibetan Plateau is much more stronger than that of the Alps. Firstly, due to the influence of MEE, at the same altitude (4500 m), the temperature in the Tibetan Plateau is much higher than that in the Alps, especially the temperature of the warmest month in the inner Tibetan Plateau is 10-15°C higher than that in the inner Alps, and the temperature of the coldest month in the inner Tibetan Plateau is 5-10°C higher than that in the inner Alps. Secondly, due to the influence of MEE, the alpine tree line in the inner Tibetan Plateau is also 2000-3000 m higher than that in the inner Alps. This study is a foundation for the analysis of MEE influence factors such as the mountain scale, the mountain structure and the height, and it has certain scientific significance for revealing the pattern of mountain ecosystem in Eurasia.

Key words: mountain elevation effect (MEE), Tibetan Plateau, Alps, alpine tree line, isotherm, air temperature

索南东主, 姚永慧, 张百平. 青藏高原和阿尔卑斯山山体效应的对比研究[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(11): 2568-2580.

SUO Nandongzhu, YAO Yonghui, ZHANG Baiping. Comparative study on the mountain elevation effect of the Tibetan Plateau and the Alps[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(11): 2568-2580.

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位置		东部边缘		内部		西部边缘
位置		青藏高原	阿尔卑斯	青藏高原	阿尔卑斯	青藏高原	阿尔卑斯
最冷月	0℃等温线高度(m)	1500~2500	500~1000	3000~3500	1000~2000	2000~3000	800~1000
最冷月	5℃等温线高度(m)	500~1500	<1000	~~	~~	500~1500	<1000
最热月	5℃等温线高度(m)	4500~5000	2000~2500	5000~5500	2000~3000	4000~5000	2000~2500
最热月	10℃等温线高度(m)	3500~4500	1500~2000	4000~5500	2000~2500	3500~4000	1600~2000
林线高度(m)		3200~3800	1600~1700	4000~4900	2000~2400	3200~3800	1800~2000