世界遗产地乡村聚落功能转型与空间重构——以汤口、寨西和山岔为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190902

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游业发展深刻地改变着社会经济形态和空间格局。一方面,世界遗产地乡村聚落承载传统功能（如居住功能、生产功能等）,另一方面,旅游消费给予乡村聚落新的发展活力,文化传承、休闲旅游等潜在功能逐步被挖掘。旅游发展进程中世界遗产地乡村聚落功能转型与人类适应性的科学研究,是亟待深入研究的重要前沿课题,对于指明世界遗产地乡村聚落转型发展方向和促进世界遗产地可持续发展具有重要指导价值。采取参与式农村评估方法、GIS空间分析和高清遥感影像相结合的方法,以黄山世界遗产地汤口、寨西和山岔3个聚落为案例研究对象,解析了3个聚落功能转型与空间重构的特征与模式,分析了聚落转型发展的影响因素与机制。3个聚落在功能转型与空间重构上,存在不同的特征与模式：汤口呈功能耗散式转型与空间破碎化分异、寨西呈功能模块化融合与空间协同性演替、山岔呈功能自组织适应与空间核域式集聚,并相应形成“原地生长型”“就地重建型”“景村共生型”三种转型发展模式。内外因素的相互作用、多元主体的能动性与旅游市场需求为世界遗产地3个聚落转型发展的支撑力、行动力与驱动力,推动着聚落的转型发展。

关键词: 乡村聚落, 功能转型, 空间重构, 世界遗产地

Abstract:

As an important development force, tourism development profoundly changes the socio-economic form and spatial pattern. On the one hand, rural settlements of world heritage sites contain traditional functions (such as residential function, production function, etc.), on the other hand, tourism consumption gives new development vitality to rural settlements. The potential functions such as cultural heritage innovation and leisure tourism are gradually explored. In the process of tourism development, the rural settlements functional transformation and human adaptability to world heritage sites is an important research content, which has important reference value for understanding the directions of rural settlements transformation and promoting the sustainable development of world heritage. Taking Tangkou, Zhaixi and Shancha villages as the research objects, we integrate the method of participatory rural assessment, GIS technology and remote sensing images, in a microscopic research perspective, apply the house function and tourism-live mixed use to analyze the characteristics and patterns of functional transformation and spatial restructuring, and adopt quantitative and qualitative methods (such as factor analysis, questionnaire interview, etc.) to explore the influencing factors and mechanisms in the three villages. The results suggest that the three villages have different characteristics and patterns in functional transformation and spatial restructuring. Tangkou is characterized by functional dissipative transformation and spatial fragmentation, Zhaixi is characterized by functional modular integration and spatial synergistic succession, and Shancha is characterized by functional self-organizational adaptation and spatial nuclear agglomeration. Accordingly, there are three transformational development models: Tangkou belongs to "in-situ growth" model, Zhaixi belongs to "original-place reconstruction" model and Shancha belongs to "Jingcun symbiosis" model. The interaction of internal and external factors is the supporting force, the initiative of multi-stakeholders is the action force and the demand of tourism market is the driving force for the rural settlement functional transformation and spatial restructuring in world heritage sites. This study could promote the coordinated development of tourism and village construction in Tangkou Town, provide a reference for the sustainable development of rural settlements of world heritage, and further enrich the content of rural transformation in tourism destinations.

Key words: rural settlement, functional transformation, spatial restructuring, world heritage site

杨兴柱, 杨周, 朱跃. 世界遗产地乡村聚落功能转型与空间重构——以汤口、寨西和山岔为例[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(10): 2214-2232.

YANG Xingzhu, YANG Zhou, ZHU Yue. Rural settlements functional transformation and spatial restructuring in world heritage sites: Take Tangkou, Zhaixi and Shancha as examples[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(10): 2214-2232.

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基本特征		汤口		寨西		山岔		合计
基本特征		涉旅	非旅	涉旅	非旅	涉旅	非旅	涉旅	非旅
样本量(个)		52.0	22.0	74.0	12.0	32.0	13.0	158.0	47.0
户籍占比(%)	汤口镇人	55.8	77.3	48.6	83.3	87.5	100.0	58.9	85.1
	非汤口镇人	44.2	22.7	51.4	16.7	12.5	0.0	41.1	14.9
性别占比(%)	男性	48.1	50.0	62.2	48.3	56.3	76.9	56.3	59.6
	女性	51.9	50.0	37.8	41.7	43.8	23.1	43.7	40.4
年龄占比(%)	≤ 24岁	9.6	0.0	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	5.7	0.0
	25~44岁	48.1	50.0	64.9	66.7	40.6	0.0	54.4	40.4
	45~64岁	38.5	36.4	28.4	25.0	59.4	69.2	38.0	42.6
	≥ 65岁	3.8	13.6	1.3	8.3	0.0	30.8	1.9	17.0
文化程度占比(%)	小学及以下	25.0	18.4	17.5	16.7	34.3	69.2	23.4	31.9
	初中/中专	44.2	36.4	44.6	66.7	43.8	23.1	44.3	40.4
	高中/高职	21.2	31.6	14.9	8.3	9.4	7.7	15.8	19.2
	大专/本科及以上	9.6	13.6	23.0	8.3	12.5	0.0	16.5	8.5
职业占比(%)	务农	0.0	4.5	0.0	8.3	0.0	76.9	0.0	25.5
	旅游从业者	100.0	0.0	98.6	1.0	93.8	0.0	98.2	0.3
	非旅经营户	0.0	77.4	0.0	57.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	50.8
	打工(非旅工种)	0.0	4.5	0.0	16.7	0.0	23.1	0.0	12.7
	教师或医生	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.1	0.0	0.6	0.0
	政企人员	0.0	4.5	0.0	16.7	3.1	0.0	0.6	6.4
	待业	0.0	9.1	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	4.3

变量	汤口	寨西	山岔	均值	变量	汤口	寨西	山岔	均值
（一）个人能力	3.04	3.10	2.87	3.00	（四）市场需求	3.18	3.51	3.56	3.41
劳动力数量	2.57	3.09	2.58	2.75	游客量	3.03	3.38	3.47	3.29
文化程度	2.97	2.85	2.60	2.81	游客需求	3.34	3.63	3.64	3.54
从事旅游经验	3.42	3.20	3.24	3.29	（五）旅游发展环境	3.08	3.20	3.30	3.19
资金	3.22	3.27	3.04	3.18	旅游经营环境	3.01	3.41	3.56	3.33
（二）社会关系	2.88	2.56	2.79	2.74	旅游经营者认可度	3.14	3.49	3.60	3.41
金融能力	3.01	2.72	2.73	2.82	旅游业发展状况	3.22	3.22	3.42	3.29
旅游协会帮助	2.65	2.13	2.51	2.43	旅游政策	2.76	2.65	2.93	2.78
亲朋在政企担任职务	2.55	2.04	2.40	2.33	地域文化	3.16	3.08	3.09	3.11
亲朋中有人经营旅游	3.31	3.37	3.51	3.40	旅游行业偏好	3.22	3.34	3.22	3.26
（三）基础设施	3.21	3.47	3.23	3.30	总体平均	3.06	3.12	3.12	3.10
污水设施	3.05	3.30	2.91	3.09
通信、水电、环卫等基础设施	3.28	3.51	3.29	3.36
公交站点	3.28	3.60	3.49	3.46

影响因素	汤口	寨西	山岔
个人能力	在旅游经营的经验方面更具优势	在劳动力数量和资金方面更具优势	个人能力较弱,但可从亲朋和组织中获得弥补
社会关系	社会关系较强,金融关系较为突出	外来旅游从业者较多,本地社会关系较弱	血缘关系为主,辅以业缘关系
自然环境	空间狭窄,可利用土地资源较少,建设用地约为45 hm²	可利用土地资源较多,建设用地约为74 hm²	可利用的水域资源丰富,水域面积约为13 hm²
区位条件	离黄山风景区南大门最近	离高速出入口最近	临近景区景点
基础设施	居住与旅游混杂,旅游接待设施更新较慢	旅游接待设施充足	污水处理设施欠缺
旅游发展环境	本地的传统文化更具吸引力	旅游经营者更喜爱旅游行业,淡旺季差异明显,竞争压力大	乡村旅游火爆,旅游经营环境良好,自我管理能力较强
制度政策	政策知晓度19%	政策知晓度24%	政策知晓度43%
规划调控	管理、旅游接待服务和生活居住为主	行政办公、生活服务和交通枢纽	居民生产和生活服务基层服务点,兼具旅游服务功能
市场需求	上山便捷,历史基础好	换乘方便,商业化程度高	农家乐数量多,乡村性保持较好