中国城市价值链功能分工及其影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlyj020191045

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

价值链的空间重组正在深刻的改变着城市体系的经济景观,建立在价值链分工基础上的城市功能结构的研究已经成为经济地理学的重要课题。将中国上市公司500强企业网络划分为公司总部、商务服务、研究开发、传统制造、现代制造、物流仓储和批发零售七种类型功能区块,研究了中国城市价值链功能分工及其影响因素。结果发现：沿着价值链的功能分工已经成为中国城市体系经济景观的显著特征,功能多样化城市和功能专业化城市并存于中国城市体系,东部地区和城市密集地区的城市在价值链分工中占据了更好的地位;中国城市按照价值链中的优势功能可以划分为九种类型,少数城市转变为承载公司总部、研究开发、商务服务等多样化功能的高等级中心城市,而大量中小城市则转变为传统制造专业化基地;市场潜力、关键资源、区位条件、营商环境等城市属性特征是城市功能分工的重要影响因素,城市资源、区位可达性等属性特征的增强将提高城市成为总部基地、商务中心和研究基地的概率,而降低城市成为传统制造基地的概率。

关键词: 产品价值链, 生产分割, 城市功能专业化, 知识资本模型, 中国

Abstract:

Decreasing spatial transaction and trade costs facilitates the geographical fragmentation of functions, i.e. the stages or activities within product value chain could give rise to functional differentiation of cities. Despite the recent advances in the study of the spatial structure of urban networks, the analysis of functional differentiation of cities across multi-location firms' value chain has been largely neglected. The study sets out to investigate the patterns of functional division of economic activities within China's urban system, and explore the underlying factors with multiple regression models. To this end, data on the corporate networks of China's top 500 public companies in 2018 are collected, and the establishments within the corporate networks are grouped into seven functions: headquarters, business services, research and development, modern manufacturing, standardized production, logistics, and wholesale and retail. The following results are obtained. First, different types of functions within the value chain show different spatial patterns, which leads to the differentiation of urban functions, and promotes the transformation of Chinese cities from sectoral specialization to functional specialization. The three knowledge-rich functions of headquarters, business services and research and development are mainly centralized in the core cities of China's major urban agglomerations, while standardized production has the lowest level of spatial concentration. The second major finding is that functional specialization co-exists with functional diversification within the urban system in China. Overall, large cities are much more functionally diversified, while small and medium-sized cities tend to be specialized in standardized production. Using the clustering algorithm based on self-organizing feature maps, the 334 cities in China can be classified into 9 functional types. Third, location fundamentals play a key role in driving the functional differentiation of cities. Although city size, vital resources, accessibility, urban infrastructure, business environment positively contribute to the presence of all functions, their marginal effects differ across the seven functions. The improvement of economic scale and vital resources will increase the probabilities for cities to develop into headquarter centers, business service centers and R&D centers, while reducing the probabilities of cities is becoming standardized production bases. The traditional urban resource advantages has been transformed into the competitive advantages of urban functional status, suggesting that the development gaps between cities in China will further be enlarged under the network environment.

Key words: product value chain, fragmentation of production, functional specialization of cities, knowledge capital model, China

盛科荣, 王丽萍, 孙威. 中国城市价值链功能分工及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(12): 2763-2778.

SHENG Kerong, WANG Liping, SUN Wei. Patterns and determinants of functional division of cities across product value chain in China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2020, 39(12): 2763-2778.

图/表 10

表1

表2

图1

图2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表 7

图3

参考文献 46

[1]	许学强, 周一星, 宁越敏. 城市地理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 1999: 82-103.
	[ Xu Xueqiang, Zhou Yixing, Ning Yuemin. Urban Geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1999: 82-103.]
[2]	Dicken P. Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. New York: Guilford Press, 2007: 24-35.
[3]	Jones R W, Kierzkowski H. International fragmentation and new economic geography. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 2005,16(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2004.11.005
[4]	Duranton G, Puga D. From sectoral to functional urban specialisation. Journal of Urban Economics, 2005,57(2):343-370. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2004.12.002
[5]	Liao W C. Inshoring: The geographic fragmentation of production and inequality. Journal of Urban Economics, 2012,72(1):1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2012.01.001
[6]	Friedmann J. The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 1986,17(1):69-84. doi: 10.1111/dech.1986.17.issue-1
[7]	Sassen S. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013: 22-35.
[8]	Brunelle C. The growing economic specialization of cities: Disentangling industrial and functional dimensions in the Canadian urban system, 1971-2006. Growth and Change, 2013,44(3):443-473. doi: 10.1111/grow.12015
[9]	Audretsch D, Falck O, Heblich S. Who’s got the aces up his sleeve? Functional specialization of cities and entrepreneurship. The Annals of Regional Science, 2011,46(3):621-636. doi: 10.1007/s00168-009-0353-0
[10]	宁越敏, 武前波. 企业的空间组织和城市-区域发展. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011: 93-110.
	[ Ning Yuemin, Wu Qianbo. Spatial Organization of Enterprise and Development of City-region. Beijing: Science Press, 2011: 93-110.]
[11]	盛科荣, 杨雨, 孙威. 中国城市网络中心性的影响因素及形成机理: 基于上市公司500强企业网络视角. 地理科学进展, 2019,38(2):248-258. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.02.008
	[ Sheng Kerong, Yang Yu, Sun Wei. Determinants and mechanisms of degree centrality in the urban network in China: A study based on corporate networks of the largest 500 listed companies. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(2):248-258.]
[12]	王成, 王茂军, 柴箐. 城市网络地位与网络权力的关系: 以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例. 地理学报, 2015,70(12):1953-1972. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201512008
	[ Wang Cheng, Wang Maojun, Chai Qing. The relationship between centrality and power in the city network. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(12):1953-1972.]
[13]	朱查松, 王德, 罗震东. 中心性与控制力: 长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化: 企业联系的视角. 城市规划学刊, 2014, (4):24-30.
	[ Zhu Chasong, Wang De, Luo Zhendong. Centrality and power: A method of analyzing city network spatial structure. Urban Planning Forum, 2014, (4):24-30.]
[14]	赵新正, 李秋平, 芮旸, 等. 基于财富500强中国企业网络的城市网络空间联系特征. 地理学报, 2019,74(4):694-709. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201904006
	[ Zhao Xinzheng, Li Qiuping, Rui Yang, et al. The characteristics of urban network of China: A study based on the Chinese companies in the Fortune Global 500 list. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(4):694-709.]
[15]	冷炳荣, 杨永春, 李英杰, 等. 中国城市经济网络结构空间特征及其复杂性分析. 地理学报, 2011,66(2):199-211. doi: 10.11821/xb201102006
	[ Leng Bingrong, Yang Yongchun, Li Yingjie, et al. Spatial characteristics and complex analysis: A perspective from basic activities of urban networks in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011,66(2):199-211.]
[16]	盛科荣, 张红霞, 赵超越. 中国城市网络关联格局的影响因素分析: 基于电子信息企业网络的视角. 地理研究, 2019,38(5):1030-1044. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020171009
	[ Sheng Kerong, Zhang Hongxia, Zhao Chaoyue. Determinants of the urban spatial network in China: An analysis through the lens of corporate networks within electronic information industry. Geographical Research, 2019,38(5):1030-1044.]
[17]	Defever F. Functional fragmentation and the location of multinational firms in the enlarged Europe. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2006,36(5):658-677. doi: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2006.06.007
[18]	Kohonen T. The self-organizing map. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990,78(9):1464-1480.
[19]	Harris C D. A functional classification of cities in the United States. Geographical Review, 1943,33(1):86-99. doi: 10.2307/210620
[20]	Davis J C, Henderson J V. The agglomeration of headquarters. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2008,38(5):445-460. doi: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.05.002
[21]	Rubalcaba L, Gallego J, Gallo M T, et al. Business services location and market factors in major European cities. Cities, 2013,31(2):258-266. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2012.06.022
[22]	贺灿飞, 肖晓俊, 邹沛思. 中国城市正在向功能专业化转型吗?: 基于跨国公司区位战略的透视. 城市发展研究, 2012,19(3):26-35.
	[ He Canfei, Xiao Xiaojun, Zou Peisi. Towards functional specialization of Chinese cities?: A perspective of locational strategy of multinational corporations in China. Urban Studies, 2012,19(3):20-29.]
[23]	Henderson J V, Ono Y. Where do manufacturing firms locate their headquarters?. Journal of Urban Economics, 2008,63(2):431-450. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2007.02.006
[24]	Markusen J R. Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2002: 127-153.
[25]	Fujita M, Krugman P, Venables A J. The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1999: 25-41.
[26]	Head K, Mayer T. Market potential and the location of Japanese firms in the European Union. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2004,86(4):959-972. doi: 10.1162/0034653043125257
[27]	Pan F H, Xia Y B. Location and agglomeration of headquarters of publicly listed firms within China’s urban system. Urban Geography, 2014,35(5):757-779. doi: 10.1080/02723638.2014.909112
[28]	Berry C R, Glaeser E L. The divergence of human capital levels across cities. Papers in Regional Science, 2005,84(3):407-444. doi: 10.1111/pirs.2005.84.issue-3
[29]	Ota M, Fujita M. Communication technologies and spatial organization of multi-unit firms in metropolitan areas. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1993,23(6):695-729. doi: 10.1016/0166-0462(93)90018-A
[30]	董志强, 魏下海, 汤灿晴. 制度软环境与经济发展: 基于30个大城市营商环境的经验研究. 管理世界, 2012, (4):15-26.
	[ Dong Zhiqiang, Wei Xiahai, Tang Canqing. Soft institution environment and economic development: An empirical analysis based on the business environments of 30 large cities. Management World, 2012, (4):15-26.]
[31]	倪鹏飞. 中国城市竞争力报告(No.14). 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2016: 535-600.
	[ Ni Pengfei. Annual Report on China’s Urban Competitiveness (No.14). Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2016: 535-600.]
[32]	周一星, 孙则昕. 再论中国城市的职能分类. 地理研究, 1997,16(1):11-22.
	[ Zhou Yixing, Sun Zexin. Rediscussion on China’s urban function classification. Geographical Research, 1997,16(1):11-22.]
[33]	Rozenblat C, Pumain D. Firm linkages, innovation and the evolution of urban systems. In: Taylor P J, Derudder B, Saey P, Witlox F, et al. Cities in Globalization: Practices, Policies and Theories. London: Routledge, 2007: 130-156.
[34]	金凤君, 陈琳琳, 杨宇, 等. 中国工业基地的甄别与演化模式. 地理学报, 2018,73(6) : 1049-1064. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201806005
	[ Jin Fengjun, Chen Linlin, Yang Yu, et al. The classification and growth pattern of industrial bases in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(6):1049-1064.]
[35]	余建辉, 李佳洺, 张文忠. 中国资源型城市识别与综合类型划分. 地理学报, 2018,73(4):677-687. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201804007
	[ Yu Jianhui, Li Jiaming, Zhang Wenzhong. Identification and classification of resource-based cities in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(4):677-687.]
[36]	Smith D, Florida R. Agglomeration and industry location: An econometric analysis of Japanese-affiliated manufacturing establishments in automotive-related industries. Journal of Urban Economics, 1994,36(1):23-41. doi: 10.1006/juec.1994.1024
[37]	Boschma R. Relatedness as driver of regional diversification: A research agenda. Regional Studies, 2017,51(3):351-364. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1254767
[38]	Duranton G, Puga D. Diversity and specialisation in cities: Why, where and when does it matter?. Urban Studies, 2000,37(3):533-555. doi: 10.1080/0042098002104
[39]	Abdel-Rahman H M, Fujita M. Specialization and diversification in a system of cities. Journal of Urban Economics, 1993,33(2):189-222. doi: 10.1006/juec.1993.1013
[40]	Jacobs J. The Economy of Cities. New York: Random House, 1969: 47-55.
[41]	Feldman M P, Audretsch D B. Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review, 1999,43(2):409-429. doi: 10.1016/S0014-2921(98)00047-6
[42]	Audretsch D. Agglomeration and the location of the innovative activity. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 1998,14(2):18-29. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/14.2.18
[43]	Duranton G, Puga D. Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, 2001,91(5):1454-1477. doi: 10.1257/aer.91.5.1454
[44]	A1onso W. Urban zero population growth. Daedalus, 1973,102(4):191-206.
[45]	Burger M, Meijers E, Hoogerbrugge M, et al. Borrowed size, agglomeration shadows and cultural amenities in North-West Europe. European Planning Studies, 2015,23(6):1090-1109. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2014.905002
[46]	尹稚, 王晓东, 谢宇, 等. 美国和欧盟高等级中心城市发展规律及其启示. 城市规划, 2017,41(9):9-23.
	[ Yin Zhi, Wang Xiaodong, Xie Yu, et al. Research on the development law of American and EU higher-grade central cities and its inspirations. City Planning Review, 2017,41(9):9-23.]

功能类型	主营业务范围	区块数量	占比(%)
公司总部	战略规划、资本运作、投资管理、业务考核等企业中央管理功能	500	3.01
商务服务	货币金融服务、资本市场服务、资产管理、信息咨询、互联网和相关服务、软件和信息技术服务、生态保护和环境治理	5644	33.98
研究开发	基础研究、应用研究、试验发展和科技推广、专业技术服务	1591	9.58
现代制造	计算机、通信设备、通用设备、仪器仪表、运输设备、汽车、电气机械和器材、专用设备、生物制品和医疗器械等知识密集型制造环节	1751	10.54
传统制造	石油加工、化学原料和化学制品、金属冶炼和压延加工、金属制品、食品制造、家具制造、皮革制品、纺织服装、塑料制品和纸制品、土木工程建筑、房屋建筑等资本、劳动密集型制造环节	2992	18.01
物流仓储	运输及运输代理、装卸搬运、货物进出口、仓储及相关服务	648	3.90
批发零售	批发、零售、贸易及相关服务	3485	20.98

人口规模（万人）	公司总部	商务服务	研究开发	传统制造	现代制造	物流仓储	批发零售
组内功能区块总数
800以上	241	1709	553	370	354	205	982
500~800	62	712	298	314	312	88	646
300~500	86	1872	427	484	402	134	731
80~300	90	974	246	1159	523	165	857
80以下	21	377	67	665	160	56	269
组内区位商均值
800以上	10.830	2.298	2.100	1.000	1.420	2.245	1.889
500~800	1.124	1.212	1.772	1.000	1.736	1.621	1.927
300~500	0.843	1.234	1.156	1.000	1.340	0.903	1.161
80~300	0.400	0.485	0.408	1.000	0.899	0.658	0.652
80以下	0.194	0.397	0.176	1.000	0.490	0.501	0.559

	公司总部		商业服务		研究开发		传统制造		现代制造		物流贸易		批发零售
	数量	区位商	数量	区位商	数量	区位商	数量	区位商	数量	区位商	数量	区位商	数量	区位商
类型Ⅰ	75	4.407	638	3.399	230	4.300	100	1.000	117	2.019	59	2.757	355	3.082
类型Ⅱ	72	53.856	46	3.048	3	0.706	8	1.000	3	0.641	1	0.577	8	0.859
类型Ⅲ	31	4.417	1297	16.371	232	10.311	42	1.000	95	3.865	36	3.958	215	4.395
类型Ⅴ	8	1.547	124	1.877	39	2.251	39	1.000	41	1.958	19	2.157	77	1.819
类型Ⅵ	4	1.106	52	1.405	17	1.491	25	1.000	23	1.894	8	1.988	49	2.171
类型Ⅶ	2	0.894	19	0.774	8	1.041	18	1.000	12	1.398	4	1.180	21	1.160
类型Ⅷ	1	0.314	6	0.225	1	0.182	15	1.000	3	0.294	1	0.311	6	0.363
类型Ⅸ	0	0.358	5	0.467	1	0.252	7	1.000	3	0.819	1	0.821	4	0.765
类型Ⅹ	0	0.131	1	0.372	0	0.220	2	1.000	1	0.602	0	0.307	1	0.457

因子	变量	定义方法	载荷	因子内涵
factor1	市场潜力	MP_i=H_i+∑_j_≠_i(H_j/D_ij),H_i为城市i的市辖区年末平均人口（万人）^a,D_ij为城市i和j之间的空间距离（km）	0.788	市场潜力和关键资源
	科技资源	政府科学技术支出（万元）^a	0.779
	政治资源	北京编码为5,香港编码为4,上海、天津和重庆编码为3,省会城市和计划单列市编码为2,其他城市编码为1	0.683
factor2	宜居竞争力^b	人口素质、社会环境、生态环境、居住环境等的加权指数	0.902	城市竞争力
	宜商竞争力^b	企业本体、当地需求、制度环境、基础设施等的加权指数	0.564
	可持续竞争力^b	知识投入、社会公平、资源消耗、历史文化等的加权指数	0.659
factor3	网络可达性	民用航空客运量（万人）^a	0.915	航空网络可达性
factor4	职工工资	市辖区在岗职工平均工资（元）^a	0.924	职工工资率
factor5	地理区位	位于河北、山东、江苏等东部11个省（直辖市）的城市编码为1,位于中西部地区的城市编码为0	0.963	地理区位

变量	公司总部	商务服务	研究开发	传统制造	现代制造	物流仓储	批发零售
factor1	0.839^*** (0.064)	1.008^*** (0.072)	1.031^*** (0.097)	0.558^*** (0.044)	0.931^*** (0.057)	0.775^*** (0.079)	0.971^*** (0.057)
factor2	0.463^*** (0.076)	0.468^*** (0.067)	0.629^*** (0.104)	0.142^*** (0.048)	0.531^*** (0.067)	0.577^*** (0.092)	0.347^*** (0.054)
factor3	0.518^*** (0.064)	0.518^*** (0.061)	0.635^*** (0.071)	0.258^*** (0.039)	0.269^*** (0.053)	0.661^*** (0.079)	0.565^*** (0.050)
factor4	0.283^*** (0.047)	0.372^*** (0.070)	0.611^*** (0.091)	0.165^*** (0.043)	0.204^*** (0.071)	0.243^*** (0.091)	0.349^*** (0.067)
factor5	0.312^*** (0.070)	0.173^*** (0.053)	0.246^*** (0.085)	0.119^*** (0.044)	0.215^*** (0.063)	0.299^*** (0.082)	0.281^*** (0.043)
pseudo R²	0.394	0.306	0.301	0.187	0.249	0.323	0.306