中西方海洋地缘政治思想演化解构——基于人海关系分析框架

doi:10.11821/dlyj020200051

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海洋地缘政治探讨国家政治活动与海洋地理环境的互动关系,并在理论和实践上极大的影响着世界政治经济格局。本文构建海洋地缘政治思想演化分析框架,探讨人海关系要素构成和国家与海洋互动机制,梳理中西方海洋地缘政治思想演进路径、内容构成和阶段特征。国家意志和需求、国家文化基因、技术变革是驱动国家与海洋关系互动的主要因素,中西方国家在人海关系演化过程中均呈现“以陆涉海,以海养陆”“以陆拓海,以海通陆”“以海制陆,海陆冲突”“陆海统筹”等阶段性特征。现实主义与和合主义、冲突扩张与消极保守、全球视野与华夏中心在中西方海洋地缘政治思想演变中形成鲜明对比。未来中国需把握好批判继承和改造借鉴的辩证关系,形成海洋命运共同体范畴下的海洋地缘思想集合,丰富中国海洋地缘政治理论体系。

关键词: 政治地理学, 海洋地缘政治, 人海关系, 国家海洋地缘空间, 海洋地缘政治思想

Abstract:

Marine geopolitics focuses mainly on the relationships between the politics and marine geographical environment and are committed to shaping political and economic pattern of the world theoretically and practically. Starting with the interplay of human and ocean, this paper constructs an analytical framework for marine geopolitical thoughts evolution, discusses the elements of human-ocean relation and state-ocean interaction mechanism, and sorts out the evolution path, content composition and stage features of the marine geopolitical thoughts of China and the West. Human-ocean relation, the interplay between human activities and ocean, is composed of the main body of human activities, land and ocean. The state is one of the most important social-spatial organizational units for studying human-ocean relation, and it is also one of the main research objects in the marine geopolitics. National will and demand, national cultural genes, and technological change are the main factors for the state and the ocean relations. As human-ocean relation progresses, some stage features appear in both China and the Western countries, such as “from land to sea, using marine resources to support land”, “expanding from land to sea, and opening up sea routes”, “checking and balancing the land with the sea, the conflict between the sea and the land”, and “coordinating the land and the sea”. From the perspective of the evolution of the relation between the state and the ocean, Chinese and Western marine geopolitical thoughts have both commonalities and significant differences. On the one hand, with the similar trends developing and many thoughts in common, they have all specifically evolved against the historical background. On the other hand, some major differences in philosophical basis, thinking concepts, and cognitive horizons exist between Western countries and China’s marine geopolitical thoughts from different periods of time. “Realism” and “peace-cooperativism”, “conflict expansion” and “negative conservatism”, “global vision” and “Huaxia Center” formed a striking contrast in the evolution of Chinese and Western marine geopolitical thoughts. In the future, China should better understand the interrelationships between critical inheritance and transformation, gather together marine geopolitical thoughts under the background of marine shared community for mankind, and enrich Chinese marine geopolitical theoretical system.

Key words: political geography, marine geopolitics, human-ocean relation, national marine geopolitical space, marine geopolitical thoughts

彭飞, 富宁宁, 韩增林, 刘天宝, 杨鑫. 中西方海洋地缘政治思想演化解构——基于人海关系分析框架[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(2): 556-570.

PENG Fei, FU Ningning, HAN Zenglin, LIU Tianbao, YANG Xin. The deconstruction of the evolution of Chinese and Western marine geopolitical thoughts: Based on the analysis framework of human-ocean relation[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2021, 40(2): 556-570.

图/表 2

参考文献 64

[1]	陆大道, 杜德斌. 关于加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的思考. 地理学报, 2013,68(6):723-727.
	[ Lu Dadao, Du Debin. Some thoughts on the strengthening of geopolitical and geoeconomic studies. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013,68(6):723-727.]
[2]	韩增林, 彭飞, 张耀光, 等. 海洋地缘政治研究进展与中国海洋地缘环境研究探索. 地理科学, 2015,35(2):129-136.
	[ Han Zenglin, Peng Fei, Zhang Yaoguang, et al. Updated progress of marine geopolitics and research of the marine geo-setting in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(2):129-136.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2015.02.001.
[3]	林肯·佩恩. 海洋与文明. 陈建军, 罗燚英译. 天津: 天津人民出版社, 2017: 185-1367.
	[ Lincoln Paine. The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Translated by Chen Jianjun, Luo Yiying, Tianjin: Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2017: 185-1367.]
[4]	张耀光. 中国海洋政治地理学: 海洋地缘政治与海疆地理格局的时空演变. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004: 1-174.
	[ Zhang Yaoguang. Chinese Ocean Economic Geography. Beijing: Science Press, 2004: 1-174.]
[5]	张耀光. 中国的海疆与我国海洋地缘政治战略. 人文地理, 1996, (2):47-50.
	[ Zhang Yaoguang. China's ocean and China's marine geopolitical strategy. Human Geography, 1996, (2):47-50.]
[6]	刘笑阳. 海洋强国战略研究: 理论探索、历史逻辑和中国路径. 北京: 中央党校博士学位论文, 2016: 80-148.
	[ Liu Xiaoyang. Strategic research on maritime power-theoretical exploration, historical logic and Chinese path. Beijing: Doctor Dissertation of Party School of the Central Committee of CPC, 2016: 80-148.]
[7]	胡志丁, 骆华松, 葛岳静, 等. 经典地缘政治理论研究视角及其对发展中国新地缘政治理论的启示. 热带地理, 2014,34(2):184-190.
	[ Hu Zhiding, Luo Huasong, Ge Yuejing, et al. Research perspectives of classic geopolitical theories and their enlightenment for developing China's new geopolitical theory. Tropical Geography, 2014,34(2):184-190.] DOI: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002493.
[8]	杜德斌, 马亚华. “一带一路”: 中华民族复兴的地缘大战略. 地理研究, 2015,34(6):1005-1014.
	[ Du Debin, Ma Yahua. One Belt and One Road: The grand geo-strategy of China's rise. Geographical Research, 2015,34(6):1005-1014.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201506001.
[9]	宋涛, 陆大道, 梁宜. 大国崛起的地缘政治战略演化: 以美国为例. 地理研究, 2017,36(2):215-225.
	[ Song Tao, Lu Dadao, Liang Yi. The evolution of great powers' geostrategy during their rise: A case study of the United States and its enlightenment to China. Geographical Research, 2017,36(2):215-225.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201702002.
[10]	彭飞, 富宁宁, 张琦琦, 等. 海洋地缘环境系统构建及其脆弱性解析. 世界地理研究, 2019,28(2):133-140.
	[ Peng Fei, Fu Ningning, Zhang Qiqi, et al. Analysis of systematic construction and vulnerability of marine geo-setting. World Regional Studies, 2019,28(2):133-140.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.201902.2018812.
[11]	陆大道. 当代中国的全球观念与全球战略. 地理科学, 2016,36(4):483-490.
	[ Lu Dadao. The global concept and strategy of contemporary China: Analysis on the geopolitical and geoeconomic environment of the “Belt and Road Initiative”. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(4):483-490.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.04.001.
[12]	曹文振. 全球化时代的中美海洋地缘政治与战略. 太平洋学报, 2010,18(12):45-51.
	[ Cao Wenzhen. China and the United States ocean geopolitics and strategy in the age of globalization. Pacific Journal, 2010,18(12):45-51.] DOI: 10.14015/j.cnki.1004-8049.2010.12.005.
[13]	郑永年. 中国的海洋地缘政治与陆地地缘政治. 外交评论, 2014,31(1):1-11.
	[ Zheng Yongnian. China's marine geopolitics and terrestrial geopolitics. Foreign Affairs Review, 2014,31(1):1-11.] DOI: 10.13569/j.cnki.far.2014.01.001.
[14]	宋长青, 葛岳静, 刘云刚, 等. 从地缘关系视角解析“一带一路”的行动路径. 地理研究, 2018,37(1):3-19.
	[ Song Changqing, Ge Yuejing, Liu Yungang, et al. Undertaking research on Belt and Road initiative from the geo-relation perspective. Geographical Research, 2018,37(1):3-19.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj20180100.
[15]	吴传钧. 论地理学的研究核心: 人地关系地域系统. 经济地理, 1991,11(3):1-6.
	[ Wu Chuanjun. On the research core of geography: Human-land regional system. Economic Geography, 1991,11(3):1-6.]
[16]	张耀光. 从人地关系地域系统到人海关系地域系统: 吴传均院士对中国海洋地理学的贡献. 地理科学, 2008,28(1):6-9.
	[ Zhang Yaoguang. Regional system of man-land relationship evolves into regional system of man-sea relationship: Academician Wu Chuanjun's contribution to studies on marine geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008,28(1):6-9.]
[17]	韩增林, 刘桂春. 人海关系地域系统探讨. 地理科学, 2007,27(6):761-767.
	[ Han Zenglin, Liu Guichun. Evolution of China's regional system of Man-Sea relation and it's mechanism. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007,27(6):761-767.]
[18]	王礼茂, 牟初夫, 陆大道. 地缘政治演变驱动力变化与地缘政治学研究新趋势. 地理研究, 2016,35(1):3-13.
	[ Wang Limao, Mou Chufu, Lu Dadao. Changes in driving forces of geopolitical evolution and the new trends in geopolitics studies. Geographical Research, 2016,35(1):3-13.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201601001.
[19]	强世功. 陆地与海洋: “空间革命”与世界历史的“麦金德时代”. 开放时代, 2018, (6):103-126.
	[ Jiang Shigong. Land and sea: Spatial revolution and the Mackinder age of word history. Open age, 2018, (6):103-126.]
[20]	陆俊元. 论地缘政治中的技术因素. 国际关系学院学报, 2005, (6):9-14.
	[ Lu Junyuan. Technical factors in the studies of geopolitics. Journal of University of International Relations, 2005, (6):9-14.]
[21]	胡浩, 葛岳静, 胡志丁. 南海问题的大周边地缘环境. 世界地理研究, 2012,21(3):36-44.
	[ Hu Hao, Ge Yuejing, Hu Zhiding. The geopolitical environment of greater neighborhood of the South China Sea. World Regional Studies, 2012,21(3):36-44.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2012.03.003.
[22]	刘天宝, 韩增林, 彭飞. 人海关系地域系统的构成及其研究重点探讨. 地理科学, 2017,37(10):1527-1534.
	[ Liu Tianbao, Han Zenglin, Peng Fei. The composition and important research issues of human-ocean regional system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017,37(10):1527-1534.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.10.009.
[23]	徐象平. 人地观的演变与地理学思想的发展. 西北大学学报: 自然科学版, 2005, (1):122-124.
	[ Xu Xiangping. Evolution of human and environment relationship and development of geographic thought. Journal of Northwest University: Natural Science, 2005, (1):122-124.]
[24]	刘桂春. 人海关系与人海关系地域系统理论研究. 大连: 辽宁师范大学博士学位论文, 2007: 37-52.
	[ Liu Guichun. Theoretical study on Man-sea relation and regional system of Man-sea relation. Dalian: Doctoral Dissertation of Liaoning Normal University, 2007: 37-52.]
[25]	刘天宝, 杨芳芳, 韩增林, 等. 人海关系地域系统视角下海洋本体的解构与研究重点. 地理科学, 2019,39(8):1321-1329.
	[ Liu Tianbao, Yang Fangfang, Han Zenglin, et al. Deconstruction of marine ontology and important research issues in perspective of human-ocean regional system. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019,39(8):1321-1329.] DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.08.014.
[26]	黑格尔. 法哲学原理. 张企泰, 范扬译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1997: 257-360.
	[ G W F Hegel. Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Translated by Zhang Qitai, FanYang. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1997: 257-360.]
[27]	安东尼奥·葛兰西. 葛兰西文选. 李鹏程译. 北京: 人民出版社, 2008: 1-403.
	[ A Gramsci. Anthology of Gramsci. Translated by Li Pengcheng. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2008: 1-403.]
[28]	唐士其. 西方政治思想史. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2002: 40-414.
	[ Tang Shiqi. History of Western Political Thought. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2002: 40-414.]
[29]	Marshall-Cornwall J, Gottmann J. The significance of territory. Geographical Journal, 1974,140(1):140.
[30]	科林·弗林特, 皮特·泰勒. 政治地理学. 刘云刚译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2016: 138-185.
	[ Flint C, Taylor P. Political Geography. Translated by Liu Yungang. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2016: 138-185.]
[31]	秦奇, 成升魁, 李飞, 等. 1992年以来国内外地缘政治比较研究: 基于地理学视角的分析. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(12):1475-1488.
	[ Qin Qi, Cheng Shengkui, Li Fei, et al. A comparative study on foreign and Chinese geopolitical studies since 1992: An analysis from the viewpoint of geography. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(12):1475-1488.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.12.003.
[32]	赵宗金. 海洋文化与海洋意识的关系研究. 中国海洋大学学报: 社会科学版, 2013, (5):13-17.
	[ Zhao Zongjin. A study on the relationship between marine culture and marine awareness. Periodical of Ocean University of China: Social Sciences, 2013, (5):13-17.]
[33]	赵传海. 论文化基因及其社会功能. 河南社会科学, 2008, (2):50-52.
	[ Zhao Chuanhai. On cultural gene and its social function. Henan Social Sciences, 2008, (2):50-52.]
[34]	刘从德. 地缘政治学导论. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2010: 1-256.
	[ Liu Congde. An Introduction to Geopolitics. Beijing: Renmin University Press, 2010: 1-256.]
[35]	亚里士多德. 政治学. 吴寿彭译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1965: 2-479.
	[ Aristotélēs. Politics. Translated by Wu Shoupeng. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1965: 2-479.]
[36]	希罗多德. 历史. 王以铸译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2009: 405-797.
	[ Herodotus. History. Translated by Wang Yizhu. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2009: 405-797.]
[37]	修昔底德. 伯罗奔尼撒战争史. 谢德风译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2009: 2-721.
	[ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Xie Defeng. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2009: 2-721.]
[38]	徐松岩, 赵青青. 伪色诺芬《雅典政制》史料价值初探. 史学史研究, 2015, (2):63-67.
	[ Xu Songyan, Zhao Qingqing. Preliminary investigation on the historical value of Pseudo-Xenophon's the constitution of the Athenians. Pacific Journal, 2015, (2):63-67.]
[39]	斯塔夫里阿诺斯. 全球通史: 从史前史到21世纪. 董书慧, 王昶, 徐正源译. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2005: 405-632.
	[ L S Stavrianos. The Global History: From Prehistoric to 21st Century. Translated by Dong Shuhui, Wang Chang, Xu Zhengyuan, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005: 405-632.]
[40]	刘中民. 世界海洋政治与中国海洋发展战略. 北京: 时事出版社, 2009: 158-175.
	[ Liu Zhongmin. World Maritime Politics and Ocean Development Strategy of China. Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2009: 158-175.]
[41]	胡果·格劳秀斯. 海洋自由论. 宇川, 汤茜茜译. 上海, 三联书店出版社, 2005: 1-225.
	[ Grotius H. Translated by Yu Chuan, Tang Xixi Shanghai, SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2005: 1-225.]
[42]	侯璐璐, 刘云刚. 政治地理学中生存空间概念的演变. 地理科学进展, 2019,38(5):637-647.
	[ Hou Lulu, Liu Yungang. The evolving concept of lebensraum in political geography. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(5):637-647.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.05.002.
[43]	伊曼纽尔·莫里斯·沃勒斯坦. 沃勒斯坦精粹. 黄光耀, 洪霞译. 南京: 南京大学出版社, 2003: 93-252.
	[ IM Wallerstein. The Essence of Wallerstein. Translated by Huang Guangyao, Hongxia. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 2003: 93-252.]
[44]	哈尔福德·麦金德. 历史的地理枢纽. 林尔蔚, 陈江译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 陈江译., 2011: 49-71.
	[ Mackinder H. The Geographical Hub of History. Translated by Lin Erwei, Chen Jiang. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2011: 49-71.]
[45]	阿尔弗雷德·塞耶·马汉. 海权论. 一兵译. 北京: 同心出版社, 2012: 1-256.
	[ A T Mahan. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. Translated by Yi Bing. Beijing: Tongxin Publishing House, 2012: 1-256.]
[46]	尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼. 和平地理学.愈海杰译. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2016: 1-151.
	[ N J Spykman. The Geography of the Peace.Translated by Yu Haijie Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2016: 1-151.]
[47]	杰弗里·帕克. 二十世纪的西方地理政治思想. 李亦鸣, 徐小杰, 张荣忠译. 北京: 解放军出版社, 1992: 1-207.
	[ Parker G. Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century. Translated by Li Yiming, Xu Xiaojie, Zhang Rongzhong. Beijing: The People's Liberation Army Press, 1992: 1-207.]
[48]	索尔·伯纳德·科恩. 地缘政治学: 国际关系的地理学. 严春松译. 上海: 上海社会科学院出版社, 2014: 1-66.
	[ Cohen S B. Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. Translated by Yan Chunsong. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2014: 1-66.]
[49]	刘中民. 中国国际问题研究视域中的国际海洋政治研究述评. 太平洋学报, 2009, (6):78-89.
	[ Liu Zhongmin. A review of the study of international ocean politics from the perspective of China's international studies. Journal of Historiography, 2009, (6):78-89.]
[50]	罗伯特·基欧汉, 约瑟夫·奈. 权力与相互依赖.门洪华译. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2012: 65-174.
	[ Keohane R, Nye J. Power and Interdependence. Translated by Men Honghua. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2012: 65-174.]
[51]	Luttwak E N. From geopolitics to geoeconomics: Logic of conflict, grammar of commerce. The National Interest, 1990,20(3):17-23.
[52]	Bruce M R. International regions and the international system: A study in political ecology. Geographical Review, 1969,59(3):450-451. DOI: 10.2307/1953451.
[53]	安宁, 钱俊希, 陈晓亮, 等. 国际上的政治地理学研究进展与启示: 对《Political Geography》杂志2005—2015年载文的分析. 地理学报, 2016,71(2):217-235.
	[ An Ning, Qian Junxi, Chen Xiaoliang, et al. Progress in recent international political geography research: Towards an analysis of journal papers in Political Geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(2):217-235.] DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201602004.
[54]	刘云刚, 王丰龙. 中国古代政治地理思想探究. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(12):1450-1462.
	[ Liu Yungang, Wang Fenglong. An overview of political geographical thoughts in ancient China. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(12):1450-1462.] DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.12.001.
[55]	杨国桢. 中国海洋文明专题研究. 北京: 人民出版社, 2016: 1-2950.
	[ Yang Guozhen. The Monographic Study on China's Marine Civilization, Beijing; People's Publishing House, 2016: 1-2950.]
[56]	王子今. 论秦始皇南海置郡. 陕西师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2017,46(1):34-40.
	[ Wang Zijin. The establishment of the prefecture in Nanhai by emperor Qin Shihuang. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University: Philosophy &Sciences, 2017,46(1):34-40.]
[57]	川胜太平. 文明的海洋史观. 刘军译. 上海: 上海文艺出版社, 2014: 1-114.
	[ Kawakatsu Heita. Ocean History Concept of Civilization. Translated by Liu Jun. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature & Art Publishing House, 2014: 1-114.]
[58]	余潇枫, 章雅荻 . 和合主义: 国际关系理论的中国范式. 世界经济与政治, 2019, (7):49-76.
	[ Yu Xiaofeng, Zhang Yadi. Peace-Cooperativism: A Chinese paradigm of international relations theory. Word Economics and Politics, 2019, (7):49-76.]
[59]	郑士波. 郑成功海权思想及实践研究. 北京: 中国艺术研究院硕士学位论文, 2015: 21-59.
	[ Zheng Shibo. The research on Zheng Chenggong sea power ideology and practice. Master Dissertation of Department of Arts Studies Chinese National Academy of Arts, 2015: 21-59.]
[60]	周益锋. 晚清海防思想研究. 西安: 西北大学博士学位论文, 2004: 49-121.
	[ Zhou Yifeng. Study on the thought of coast defence in the late Qing dynasty. Xi'an: Doctor Dissertation of Northwest University, 2004: 49-121.]
[61]	时平. 孙中山海权思想研究. 海洋开发与管理, 1998, (1):76-79.
	[ Shi Ping. The study of Sun Yat-sen's thought of sea power. Ocean Development and Management, 1998, (1):76-79.]
[62]	韩增林, 张耀光, 栾维新, 等. 海洋经济地理学研究进展与展望. 地理学报, 2004,59(s1):183-190.
	[ Han Zenglin, Zhang Yaoguang, Luan Weixin, et al. The progress and prospect of study on marine economic geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004,59(s1):183-190.]
[63]	曲金良. 环中国海文化共同体重建大战略: “21世纪海上丝绸之路”的文化精义. 人民论坛·学术前沿, 2014, (24):54-65.
	[ Qu Jinliang. The great strategy or re-establishing the circum China seas cultural community-on the cultural essence of the “21st century Maritime Silk Road”. People's Forum·Academic Frontier, 2014, (24):54-65.] DOI: 10.16619/j.cnki.rmltxsqy.2014.24.002.
[64]	杨宇, 王礼茂, 江东, 等. 美国对伊朗石油禁运与全球能源安全. 地理研究, 2018,37(10):1879-1898.
	[ Yang Yu, Wang Limao, Jiang Dong, et al. U.S. sanctions policy on Iran's oil export and its influence on global energy security. Geographical Research, 2018,37(10):1879-1898.] DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201810001.