居民主体视角下民族旅游社区多群体冲突的空间特征及形成机制——以西江千户苗寨为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020200735

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村旅游社区的快速发展使得社区内多群体冲突日益凸显,对社区冲突空间特征的认识,有助于实施有效的社区旅游空间规划与管理。研究选取西江千户苗寨为案例地,采用参与式制图与半结构访谈相结合的方法对当地居民进行调研,按照“负面情感-原因追溯-冲突构成-空间分布”这一逻辑链条,对案例地社区冲突进行探测。通过质性分析与空间分析的混合方法,识别社区冲突类型及对应的冲突对象关系,并分析空间分布特征及其形成机制。结果显示：① 旅游开发背景下社区冲突的类型构成具有多元化特点,但存在包括日常生活干扰、经济利益矛盾、公共权力失语、环境破坏、生产建设受阻的主导结构类型。② 居民主体视角下有居民-管理者、居民-外来经营者、居民-居民和居民-游客四种冲突对象关系,不同冲突对象关系占比及其冲突类型构成有所差异。③ 冲突对象关系的总体分布在空间上存在核心-边缘效应,旅游开发核心区四种不同冲突对象关系均有大量分布,边缘区以居民-管理者和居民-居民为主;不同冲突对象关系高值区的空间分布具有差异,居民-管理者表现为核心分散分布,居民-居民则为边缘分散分布,居民-外来经营者和居民-游客均为核心区集聚呈轴向分布。④ 冲突空间分布受到社区微观区位、统筹规划、市场化需求及不同主体实践方式等因素的影响,多群体在空间形成竞争关系,共同塑造社区空间。

关键词: 参与式制图, 多群体冲突, 质性分析, 空间分布, 形成机制, 西江千户苗寨

Abstract:

Multi-group conflicts have been increasingly noticed with the rapid development of tourism in rural community. Studying the spatial characteristics of multi-group conflicts exerts much significance on community tourism planning and management, especially from the perspective of residents. This research employed a mixed method of participatory mapping and semi-structured interview to investigate local residents’ perception towards tourism development, which mainly included the places they were dissatisfied with during the development process. In order to measure community conflicts efficiently, the whole investigation process followed the logic of “negative emotion - reasons tracing - conflict types - spatial distribution”. Surveys were conducted in the Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village of Southwest China. Through constructing the identification logics of conflict opponents, conflict types and corresponding opponents were identified. Then the spatial distribution and its formation mechanism were analyzed. Results suggested that: (1) Under the driven of tourism development, conflict types were characterized with diversification from the perspective of residents. Nevertheless, there was a primary structure constituted by everyday life interference, interest contradiction, public power dumbness, environment disruption and construction restriction, which accounted for 74.19% in all the conflicts. (2) Four conflict opponents were perceived by residents in community, which constituted four conflict opponent relationships, including residents and decision makers, residents and extraneous operators, residents and residents, and residents and tourists. The composition and proportion of conflict types varied from conflict opponents in every relationship but main conflict types existed. (3) Distribution of conflict opponent relationships presented a pattern of clustering in core regions and disperse in fringe, that is, a large number of four conflict opponent relationships were distributed in core regions but residents and decision makers as well as residents and residents were in fringe regions. Further, the high-density value areas of four relationships were different in spatial distribution. The conflicts between residents and decision makers were dispersed in core area, while those between residents were in fringe. Conflicts between residents and extraneous operators as well as tourists were axially clustered in core areas. (4) The formation mechanism of conflicts distribution was driven by micro geographical location, overall planning, market demand and stakeholders’ spatial practice. Multiple groups were competed in space, which shaped community space collectively.

Key words: participatory mapping, multi-group conflicts, qualitative analysis, spatial distribution, formation mechanism, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village

刘阳, 赵振斌. 居民主体视角下民族旅游社区多群体冲突的空间特征及形成机制——以西江千户苗寨为例[J]. 地理研究, 2021, 40(7): 2086-2101.

LIU Yang, ZHAO Zhenbin. The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of multi-group conflicts in ethnic tourism community from the perspective of residents: A case study of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2021, 40(7): 2086-2101.

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

居民主体视角下的冲突类型构成类目

冲突类型	举例	频次	占比（%）
日常生活干扰(C1)
生活设施不足	医院设备太差了;电力供应不足	117	7.63
交通不便	坐车要等很久;公路不通	72	4.69
出入受限	打工回来不给进;回自己家也不行	50	3.26
办事不便	要走很久才到;办事跑来跑去,很远	34	2.22
小计		273	17.80
经济利益矛盾(C2)
收入不均	下面村子的人很有钱;观景台那边很富有	134	8.74
生计来源缺少	现在没有生活依靠;不能靠种田维持生活了	64	4.17
门票分配不公	村民没有门票分红;收钱不给我们	31	2.02
赔偿补助不足	政府征地不按标准赔偿;不给老房子的保护费	22	1.43
小计		251	16.36
公共权力失语(C3)
不合理征地	政府征收土地不按政策来;不征也得征	90	5.87
占用公共设施	学校被改建为表演场;政府把敬老院租出去	56	3.65
不当合作	很多老板和政府走得近,地被他们拿去开发了	42	2.74
信息不透明	收入不知去向;不知道政策是怎样的,欺骗老百姓	37	2.41
小计		225	14.67
环境破坏(C4)
河流污染	污水排到河里;以前在河里挑水喝,现在太脏了	115	7.50
街道脏乱	垃圾到处乱堆;村民在街上乱搭棚	76	4.95
生态受损	梯田被开发搞坏了;河床变窄发过大水	17	1.11
小计		208	13.56
生产建设受阻(C5)
房屋修建受限	想建房不让建;住不下也不允许修	138	9.00
摆摊受阻	现在街上会封住不能摆;经常因为摆摊发生矛盾	43	2.80
小计		181	11.80
传统文化遗失(C6)
建筑风格丧失	苗族房屋的飞檐没有了;新建砖房没有吊脚楼特色	72	4.69
传统风俗流失	以前干活会对歌,现在没有了	53	3.46
古建筑保护不善	两百年的老房子也被拆了;贱卖老建筑	14	0.91
民俗表演失真	跟我知道的苗族历史不一样;表演没有原生态氛围	10	0.65
小计		149	9.71
过度商业化(C7)
物价高	人工费很高;东西卖得比县城还贵	79	5.15
外来经营者多	太多外地商人;好多店都是外地老板开的	35	2.28
商品趋同	卖的货物都跟其他景区一样;东西没有苗族特色	16	1.04
小计		130	8.47
规划管理混乱(C8)
选址不佳	表演场位置不合适;车站不应该建在这里	71	4.63
治安混乱	现在有小孩丢失;游客闹事	27	1.76
噪音嘈杂	酒吧晚上声音很大;夜市开到很晚,太吵了	19	1.24
小计		117	7.63
总计		1534	100.00

表2

表3

表4

图2

图3

图4

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样本统计特征	项目	人数	占比（%）
性别	男	98	51.85
	女	91	48.15
年龄（岁）	<18	16	8.47
	18~29	44	23.28
	30~44	70	37.03
	45~59	43	22.75
	≥ 60	16	8.47
受教育程度	小学及以下	44	23.28
	初中	88	46.56
	中专或高中	38	20.11
	大专	11	5.82
	本科及以上	8	4.23
个人月收（元）	≤ 3000	128	67.72
	3001~7000	45	23.81
	>7000	16	8.47

类别	定义	识别方式	举例	冲突对象
显性冲突对象	居民在关于核心问题访谈过程中明确提到的冲突对象。	直接识别	土地被镇政府收走了;现在政府不准我们在路边摆摊	管理者
			外地老板修的房子与苗寨风格不符;街上卖东西的很多都是外地人,东西很贵	外来经营者
			道路比较挤,都和游客并排走;因为坐车抢位置和游客吵架	游客
			隔壁邻居修房子的时候修到我家这边来了,吵起来了	居民
隐性冲突对象	居民在关于核心问题访谈过程中未明确提及的冲突对象,但访谈内容具有可识别的冲突对象指向。	根据冲突类型的性质和表现形式进行识别	这里应该修成公共场所供老人小孩玩耍	管理者
			表演场的地方不合适,现在被承包了	外来经营者
			黄金周的时候人多我们就用不上水;现在坐车人多,很挤	游客
			下面村子开发了,不用种地也很有钱,我们没有钱	居民