基于动态空间面板模型的中国港口竞争与合作关系研究

doi:10.11821/dlyj020210052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

港口之间的竞争与合作关系是港口资源整合所要理顺和优化的关键问题,关系着港口体系的健康可持续发展。本文采用动态空间面板模型,研究了2000年以来中国港口整体及沿海和内河各区域港口群的竞争与合作关系,并探讨其影响因素。研究表明：中国港口货物吞吐量和集装箱吞吐量存在空间正相关性,且呈现逐渐增强的趋势;从货物吞吐量看,全国范围内的港口和内河港口之间不存在显著的竞争效应,沿海港口之间竞争态势显著,而三者在集装箱运输方面均为竞争关系;五大沿海港口群在货物吞吐量方面的竞争激烈程度排序为环渤海港口群>珠江三角洲港口群>长江三角洲港口群>西南沿海港口群>东南沿海港口群,内河港口群中,仅珠江水系港口群呈竞争态势;珠江三角洲港口群、东南沿海港口群、长江三角洲港口群、长江水系和珠江水系港口在集装箱运输中竞争激烈;港口供求关系、港口规模结构、港口职能结构、港口规划与管理等是影响竞争与合作关系及竞争激烈程度的重要因素。本研究有助于丰富港口地理学的理论研究,并为港口资源整合提供思路和方向。

关键词: 中国港口, 区域港口群, 沿海和内河, 竞争与合作, 动态空间面板计量模型

Abstract:

The competition and cooperation relationship between ports is a key issue to be solved and optimized for port resource integration, which is related to the healthy and sustainable development of the port system. In this paper, we use the dynamic spatial panel model to study the competition and cooperation relationship of Chinese ports as a whole and the coastal and inland port groups since 2000. On this basis, we also explore the influencing factors of port relationships. We found that there is a positive spatial correlation in the cargo throughput and container throughput of Chinese ports, with a gradual increasing trend. From the perspective of port cargo throughput, there is no significant competition between ports in the whole country and the inland ports. Only the competition between coastal ports is significant, while, they are all in fierce competition in terms of container transportation. The competition of cargo throughput among the five coastal port groups is fierce and the order of intensity is ports around the Bohai Bay, port group in the Yangtze River Delta, port group in the Pearl River Delta, ports on the southwest coast of China, and ports on the southeast coast of China. The three sub-port groups in the ports around the Bohai Bay are all in fierce competition, and the negative spillover effect of Tianjin-Hebei port group is particularly prominent. One port will decrease by 0.946% when the throughput of the other ports in Tianjin-Hebei port group increases by 1%. Among the inland port groups, only the ports in the Pearl River system are in a competitive situation. The competition of container throughput are all fierce among port groups in the Pearl River Delta, ports on the southeast coast of China, port group in the Yangtze River Delta, and the Yangtze and Pearl River system. There are some factors that affect the relationship of competition and cooperation and the intensity of competition, such as port supply and demand, port scale structure, port function structure, port planning and management. This study enriches the theory of port geography, and we hope it can provide ideas and directions for the integration of port resources.

Key words: Chinese ports, regional port group, coastal and inland ports, competition and cooperation, dynamic spatial panel model

王伟, 纪翌佳, 金凤君. 基于动态空间面板模型的中国港口竞争与合作关系研究[J]. 地理研究, 2022, 41(3): 616-632.

WANG Wei, JI Yijia, JIN Fengjun. The competition and cooperation relationship of Chinese ports based on dynamic spatial panel model[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2022, 41(3): 616-632.

图/表 9

表1

表2

图1

表3

中国整体港口及沿海和内河港口的动态空间面板模型估计结果

	按货物吞吐量计算			按集装箱吞吐量计算
	所有港口	沿海港口	内河港口	所有港口	沿海港口	内河港口
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	0.847***	0.836***	0.831***	0.822***	0.763***	0.893***
	(52.86)	(39.68)	(32.17)	(50.89)	(35.56)	(32.95)
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	0.016	-0.145	-0.129	-0.203*	-0.178	-0.224
	(0.15)	(-1.38)	(-1.27)	(-1.68)	(-1.63)	(-1.59)
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	-0.166*	-0.113*	0.132*	0.257**	0.184	0.265
	(-1.21)	(-0.88)	(0.79)	(2.04)	(1.62)	(1.62)
lnPOP ( $β 1$ )	0.069*	0.014	0.102*	-0.178	-0.288	0.110
	(0.70)	(0.08)	(0.80)	(-0.85)	(-1.05)	(0.35)
lnSIV ( $β 2$ )	0.150***	0.168***	0.218***	-0.114	-0.080	-0.199
	(3.51)	(3.30)	(2.63)	(-1.54)	(-0.90)	(-1.30)
lnFAI ( $β 3$ )	0.029*	-0.018	-0.012	0.043	0.053	-0.103
	(1.01)	(-0.55)	(-0.20)	(0.82)	(0.90)	(-0.93)
lnTIE ( $β 4$ )	-0.002	-0.005	0.022*	0.079**	0.112**	0.076
	(-0.08)	(-0.20)	(0.72)	(2.13)	(2.41)	(1.21)
R²	0.9076	0.8927	0.9291	0.8886	0.8585	0.9250
logL	-353.7642	-519.6354	0.5219	-512.5989	-349.2763	-160.9279

表3

表4

中国沿海区域港口群动态空间面板模型估计结果

	环渤海	环渤海内的子港口群			长三角	东南沿海	珠三角	西南沿海
	环渤海	辽东半岛	津冀	山东半岛	长三角	东南沿海	珠三角	西南沿海
货物吞吐量
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	0.759***	2.879***	0.741***	0.089*	1.049***	1.659***	0.816***	0.686***
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	(17.07)	(24.55)	(5.28)	(0.70)	(32.01)	(12.70)	(14.28)	(9.16)
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	-0.717***	-0.910***	-0.946***	-0.468***	-0.582*	-0.335*	-0.693***	-0.421***
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	(-3.57)	(-4.57)	(-5.45)	(-2.88)	(-1.42)	(-1.75)	(-3.45)	(-2.76)
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	0.198	5.745***	0.685*	-0.654**	0.299*	4.106***	-0.428	0.087
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	(0.75)	(15.60)	(1.91)	(-2.20)	(1.75)	(9.57)	(-1.39)	(0.44)
lnPOP( $β 1$ )	0.130	13.018***	0.874	0.127	1.841***	1.241***	1.375***	0.925
lnPOP( $β 1$ )	(0.28)	(16.74)	(0.66)	(0.31)	(8.27)	(6.74)	(3.04)	(1.35)
lnSIV( $β 2$ )	-0.003	0.574***	-1.085	-0.131	0.213***	0.783***	-0.016	0.194***
lnSIV( $β 2$ )	(-0.02)	(7.53)	(-1.01)	(-1.05)	(2.60)	(3.99)	(-0.08)	(3.64)
lnFAI( $β 3$ )	-0.035	0.717***	0.467	0.171*	0.151***	0.033	0.319***	-0.086
lnFAI( $β 3$ )	(-0.37)	(13.69)	(0.90)	(1.77)	(3.26)	(0.38)	(3.34)	(-1.64)
lnTIE( $β 4$ )	0.054	0.200***	0.252	0.136*	0.103**	0.263***	-0.138	0.027
lnTIE( $β 4$ )	(0.70)	(7.79)	(0.80)	(1.89)	(2.19)	(4.22)	(-2.42)	(0.69)
R²	0.8365	0.9347	0.8362	0.7289	0.9667	0.9568	0.7245	0.9277
logL	-470	-778401	-117	-10040	-1908	-75500	-736	-563
集装箱吞吐量
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	1.031***	0.961***	4.341***	0.804***	0.904***	0.414**	0.534***	0.498***
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	(30.65)	(8.97)	(15.11)	(8.73)	(29.80)	(2.55)	(7.95)	(6.29)
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	-0.881	-1.869	0.036	-0.306***	-0.309**	-0.330***	-0.410**	-0.222
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	(-4.42)	(-9.03)	(0.24)	(-4.41)	(-2.48)	(-5.55)	(-2.23)	(-1.40)
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	0.593**	-0.684	5.903***	0.396**	0.173	-0.424	0.249	-0.204
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	(2.53)	(-1.46)	(13.45)	(1.97)	(1.20)	(-1.11)	(0.90)	(-1.04)
lnPOP( $β 1$ )	1.382***	25.355***	2.872	0.219	1.478***	2.141***	-0.465	6.168**
lnPOP( $β 1$ )	(4.39)	(15.76)	(3.55)	(0.60)	(4.44)	(4.32)	(-0.47)	(2.25)
lnSIV( $β 2$ )	0.064	0.202	2.812***	0.057	-0.100	0.387*	0.924**	0.117
lnSIV( $β 2$ )	(0.48)	(1.35)	(4.43)	(0.39)	(-0.92)	(1.64)	(2.01)	(0.77)
lnFAI( $β 3$ )	-0.014	1.289***	3.439***	0.191**	0.165**	0.179*	-0.214	0.525**
lnFAI( $β 3$ )	(-0.22)	(11.17)	(9.39)	(2.36)	(2.44)	(1.73)	(-1.03)	(2.59)
lnTIE( $β 4$ )	-0.038	0.190***	0.366*	0.057	0.333***	0.048	0.019	0.351***
lnTIE( $β 4$ )	(-0.61)	(3.93)	(1.88)	(0.83)	(4.89)	(0.71)	(0.15)	(3.06)
R²	0.9601	0.0697	0.7643	0.9873	0.9676	0.8766	0.8269	0.9092
logL	-116	-25960	-345201	0	-281	-444	-293	-85

表4

表5

中国内河区域港口群动态空间面板模型的估计结果

	按货物吞吐量计算			按集装箱吞吐量计算
	京杭运河	长江水系	珠江水系	京杭运河	长江水系	珠江水系
lnPCT_t_-1( $τ$ )	0.698***	0.771***	0.745***	-0.676***	0.904***	0.651***
	(5.62)	(20.70)	(9.76)	(-5.97)	(28.02)	(6.09)
WlnPCT_t ( $ρ$ )	-0.263	-0.151	-0.646***	-0.149	-0.804***	-0.452**
	(-1.47)	(-0.98)	(-4.11)	(-1.97)	(-4.69)	(-2.54)
WlnPCT_t_-1( $η$ )	-0.095	-0.159	0.561**	-4.008***	0.793***	0.066
	(-0.27)	(-0.70)	(2.43)	(-14.91)	(4.21)	(0.24)
lnPOP ( $β 1$ )	12.468***	0.210*	2.006*	135.357***	0.142	-0.935
	(11.28)	(1.65)	(1.23)	(37.26)	(0.60)	(-0.39)
lnSIV ( $β 2$ )	1.103	0.297***	0.109	12.149***	-0.126	-0.399
	(1.55)	(2.92)	(0.61)	(7.67)	(-0.79)	(-1.10)
lnFAI ( $β 3$ )	-0.797	0.229***	0.160	-7.842***	0.040	0.485
	(-2.42)	(3.30)	(0.79)	(-11.76)	(0.40)	(1.07)
lnTIE ( $β 4$ )	0.359*	0.032	0.171*	5.657***	0.025	0.276
	(1.85)	(0.79)	(1.77)	(10.70)	(0.44)	(1.25)
R²	0.7711	0.8495	0.9449	0.3047	0.9546	0.8266
logL	-97	-862	-52	-23780	-63	-89

表5

表6

图2

图3

参考文献 39

[1]	曹有挥, 蒋自然, 陈欢, 等. 长江沿岸港口体系的形成过程与机制. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(11): 1430-1440. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.11.010
	[Cao Youhui, Jiang Ziran, Chen Huan, et al. The evolution course and mechanism of the port system along the Yangtze River. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(11): 1430-1440.]. DOI: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.11.010. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.11.010
[2]	吴旗韬, 张虹鸥, 叶玉瑶, 等. 港口体系演化的影响因素及驱动机制分析. 人文地理, 2011, 26(3): 106-110.
	[Wu Qitao, Zhang Hongou, Ye Yuyao, et al. Factors and driving mechanism of the port system evolution. Human Geography, 2011, 26(3): 106-110.]. DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2011.03.002. doi: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2011.03.002
[3]	王成金, Ducruet C. 现代集装箱港口体系演进理论与实证. 地理研究, 2011, 30(3): 397-410.
	[Wang Chengjin, Ducruet C. Theoretical model of container port system and its empirical research in Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(3): 397-410.]. DOI: 10.11821/yj2011030002. doi: 10.11821/yj2011030002
[4]	Li D, Qu Y, Ma Y. Study on the impact of subsidies for overlapping hinterland shippers on port competition. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2020, 135: 24-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.005. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.005
[5]	康译之, 何丹, 高鹏, 等. 长三角地区港口腹地范围演化及其影响机制. 地理研究, 2021, 40(1): 138-151. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020190853
	[Kang Yizhi, He Dan, Gao Peng, et al. Evolution and mechanism of port hinterland in Yangtze River Delta. Geographical Research, 2021, 40(1): 138-151.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020190853. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020190853
[6]	曹有挥, 梁双波, 吴威, 等. 枢纽港口城市港航服务业空间组织机理: 以上海市为例. 地理学报, 2017, 72(12): 2226-2240. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201712008
	[Cao Youhui, Liang Shuangbo, Wu Wei, et al. Spatial organizational mechanism of port and shipping service industry in a hub port city: A case study of Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(12): 2226-2240.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201712008. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201712008
[7]	韩增林, 郭建科. 中国海港空间效应的识别与测度. 地理学报, 2014, 69(2): 243-254. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201402008
	[Han Zenglin, Guo Jianke. The identification and measurement of seaport spatial effect in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(2): 243-254.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201402008. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201402008
[8]	Wang L, Zhu Y, Ducruet C, et al. From hierarchy to networking: The evolution of the "twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road" container shipping system. Transport Reviews, 2018, 38(4): 416-435. DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2018.1441923. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2018.1441923
[9]	程佳佳, 王成金. 珠江三角洲集装箱港口体系演化及动力机制. 地理学报, 2015, 70(8): 1256-1270. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201508006
	[Cheng Jiajia, Wang Chengjin. Evolution and dynamic mechanism of container port system in the Pearl River Delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(8): 1256-1270.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201508006. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201508006
[10]	叶士琳, 曹有挥, 王佳韡, 等. 长江沿岸港口物流发展格局演化及其机制. 地理研究, 2018, 37(5): 925-936. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201805006
	[Ye Shilin, Cao Youhui, Wang Jiawei, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and mechanism of the port logistics system along the Yangtze River. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(5): 925-936.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201805006. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201805006
[11]	Nguyen P N, Woo S H, Beresford A, et al. Competition, market concentration, and relative efficiency of major container ports in Southeast Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 2020, 83: 102653. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102653. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102653
[12]	曹有挥, 李海建, 陈雯. 中国集装箱港口体系的空间结构与竞争格局. 地理学报, 2004, 59(6): 1020-1027.
	[Cao Youhui, Li Haijian, Chen Wen. The spatial structure and the competition pattern of the container port system of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(6): 1020-1027.]. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.06.026. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.06.026
[13]	李振福, 李婉莹. 基于多重流分析的中国集装箱港口竞争格局. 经济地理, 2019, 39(2): 124-131.
	[Li Zhenfu, Li Wanying. Competition situation of Chinese container ports based on multiple linkage analysis. Economic Geography, 2019, 39(2): 124-131.]. DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2019.02.015. doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2019.02.015
[14]	郭建科, 陈园月, 于旭会, 等. 1985年来环渤海地区港口体系位序: 规模分布及作用机制. 地理学报, 2017, 72(10): 1812-1826. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201710007
	[Guo Jianke, Chen Yuanyue, Yu Xuhui, et al. Rank-size distribution and mechanism of port system in the Bohai Rim during the past thirty years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(10): 1812-1826.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201710007. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201710007
[15]	郭建科, 何瑶, 王绍博, 等. 1985年以来中国大陆沿海集装箱港口体系位序-规模分布及其网络联系. 地理研究, 2019, 38(4): 869-883. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020181050
	[Guo Jianke, He Yao, Wang Shaobo, et al. Rank-size distribution changes and transportation network connections of the coastal container port system in Chinese mainland since 1985. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(4): 869-883.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020181050. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020181050
[16]	Ducruet C, Lee S W, Ng A K Y. Centrality and vulnerability in liner shipping networks: Revisiting the Northeast Asian port hierarchy. Maritime Policy & Management, 2010, 37(1): 17-36. DOI: 10.1080/03088830903461175. doi: 10.1080/03088830903461175
[17]	Wan Y, Zhang A, Yuen A C L. Urban road congestion, capacity expansion and port competition: Empirical analysis of US container ports. Maritime Policy & Management, 2013, 40(5): 417-438. DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2013.797615. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2013.797615
[18]	Notteboom T E. Complementarity and substitutability among adjacent gateway ports. Environment and Planning A, 2009, 41(3): 743-762. DOI: 10.1068/a40220. doi: 10.1068/a40220
[19]	Wang W, Wang C, Jin F. The functional structure convergence of China's coastal ports. Sustainability, 2017, 9(12): 2185. DOI: 10.3390/su9122185. doi: 10.3390/su9122185
[20]	Feng H, Grifoll M, Zheng P. From a feeder port to a hub port: The evolution pathways, dynamics and perspectives of Ningbo-Zhoushan port (China). Transport Policy, 2019, 76: 21-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.01.013. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.01.013
[21]	王列辉, 茅伯科. 港口群制度合作模式的比选及对长三角的启示. 社会科学, 2010,(6): 37-44.
	[Wang Liehui, Mao Boke. Different modes of cooperation in foreign port system and inspiration for the Yangtze River Delta. Journal of Social Sciences, 2010,(6): 37-44.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0257-5833.2010.06.005. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0257-5833.2010.06.005
[22]	Huo W, Zhang W, Chen P S L. Recent development of Chinese port cooperation strategies. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2018, 26: 67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2018.01.002. doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2018.01.002
[23]	王任祥, 赵亚鹏, 傅海威. 区域经济一体化背景下港口联盟建设的模式研究: 以浙江省为例. 经济地理, 2010, 30(3): 420-425.
	[Wang Renxiang, Zhao Yapeng, Fu Haiwei. Modes of port alliance based on regional economic integration: Aa case study of Zhejiang. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(3): 420-425.]. DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2010.03.014. doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2010.03.014
[24]	Song D W. Regional container port competition and co-operation: The case of Hong Kong and South China. Journal of Transport Geography, 2002, 10(2): 99-110. DOI: 10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00003-0. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00003-0
[25]	Cui H, Notteboom T. A game theoretical approach to the effects of port objective orientation and service differentiation on port authorities' willingness to cooperate. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2018, 26: 76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2018.03.007. doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2018.03.007
[26]	Marasco A, Romano A. Inter-port interactions in the Le Havre-Hamburg range: A scenario analysis using a nonautonomous Lotka Volterra model. Journal of Transport Geography, 2018, 69: 207-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.04.018. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.04.018
[27]	赵宇哲, 周晶淼, 冯明明. 轴-辐式网络下基于多枢纽竞合的航线优化与港口定价决策. 系统工程理论与实践, 2018, 38(11): 2942-2953.
	[Zhao Yuzhe, Zhou Jingmiao, Feng Mingming. Route optimization and pricing decision-making in hub-spoke network with multi-hub ports co-copetition. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2018, 38(11): 2942-2953.]. DOI: 10.12011/1000-6788(2018)11-2942-12. doi: 10.12011/1000-6788(2018)11-2942-12
[28]	Merkel A. Spatial competition and complementarity in European port regions. Journal of Transport Geography, 2017, 61: 40-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.008. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.008
[29]	Witte P, Wiegmans B, Rodrigue J P. Competition or complementarity in Dutch inland port development: A case of overproximity? Journal of Transport Geography, 2017, 60: 80-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.02.008. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.02.008
[30]	王伟, 王成金, 金凤君. 基于货物结构的中国沿海港口运输职能判别. 地理研究, 2018, 37(3): 527-538. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201803006
	[Wang Wei, Wang Chengjin, Jin Fengjun. The classification of transportation function of China′s coastal ports based on cargo structure. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(3): 527-538.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj201803006. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201803006
[31]	王成金. 世界航运企业重组及其对航运网络结构的影响. 世界地理研究, 2008, 17(1): 94-104.
	[Wang Chengjin. International reorganization of shipping liners and its effect on world network structure. World Regional Studies, 2008, 17(1): 94-104.]. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2008.01.013. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2008.01.013
[32]	金凤君, 陈卓. 1978 年改革开放以来中国交通地理格局演变与规律. 地理学报, 2019, 74(10): 1941-1961. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910001
	[Jin Fengjun, Chen Zhuo. Evolution of transportation in China since reform and opening-up: Patterns and principles. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 1941-1961.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlxb201910001. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910001
[33]	沈体雁, 冯等田, 孙铁山. 空间计量经济学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2010: 40-44.
	[Shen Tiyan, Feng Dengtian, Sun tieshan. Spatial Econometrics. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2010: 40-44.]
[34]	刘晔, 王若宇, 薛德升, 等. 中国高技能劳动力与一般劳动力的空间分布格局及其影响因素. 地理研究, 2019, 38(8): 1949-1964. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020180391
	[Liu Ye, Wang Ruoyu, Xue Desheng, et al. The spatial pattern and determinants of skilled laborers and less-skilled laborers in China. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(8): 1949-1964.]. DOI: 10.11821/dlyj020180391. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020180391
[35]	张敏, 柳思维, 刘凤根. 中国猪肉价格变动的时空效应. 经济地理, 2018, 38(12): 135-142.
	[Zhang Min, Liu Siwei, Liu Fenggen. Spatial-temporal effects of pork price changes in China. Economic Geography, 2018, 38(12): 135-142.]. DOI: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2018.12.018. doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2018.12.018
[36]	中国港口年鉴编辑部. 中国港口年鉴(2001-2019). 上海: 中国港口杂志社, 2001- 2019.
	[Editorial Department of China Ports. China Ports Year Book(2001-2019). Shanghai: China Port Magazine, 2001- 2019.]
[37]	贾大山, 徐迪. 2019年沿海港口发展回顾与2020年展望. 中国港口, 2020,(1): 4-14.
	[Jia Dashan, Xu Di. Coastal port development review 2019 and outlook 2020. China Ports, 2020,(1): 4-14.]. DOI: cnki:sun:guko.0.2020-01-005. doi: cnki:sun:guko.0.2020-01-005
[38]	陆大道. 关于避免中国交通建设过度超前的建议. 地理科学, 2012, 32(1): 2-10. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.01.2
	[Lu Dadao. The proposition to avoid the over advance and inappropriate construction of China's transport infrastructures. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(1): 2-10.]. DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.01.002. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.01.002
[39]	Wan S, Luan W, Ma Y, et al. On determining the hinterlands of China's foreign trade container ports. Journal of Transport Geography, 2020, 85: 102725. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102725. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102725

货物吞吐量						集装箱吞吐量
年份	Moran′s I	P值	年份	Moran′s I	P值	年份	Moran′s I	P值	年份	Moran′s I	P值
2000	0.039	0.093	2010	0.210	0.001	2000	-0.001	0.147	2010	0.046	0.077
2001	0.041	0.091	2011	0.234	0.001	2001	0.006	0.145	2011	0.051	0.075
2002	0.036	0.097	2012	0.255	0.001	2002	0.015	0.140	2012	0.060	0.065
2003	0.055	0.079	2013	0.283	0.001	2003	0.019	0.135	2013	0.057	0.071
2004	0.067	0.066	2014	0.286	0.001	2004	0.024	0.132	2014	0.060	0.064
2005	0.075	0.057	2015	0.277	0.001	2005	0.029	0.126	2015	0.068	0.055
2006	0.092	0.027	2016	0.280	0.001	2006	0.032	0.109	2016	0.071	0.053
2007	0.125	0.016	2017	0.293	0.001	2007	0.038	0.098	2017	0.076	0.047
2008	0.151	0.009	2018	0.306	0.001	2008	0.041	0.087	2018	0.076	0.046
2009	0.183	0.005				2009	0.041	0.085

	环渤海	环渤海内的子港口群			长三角	东南沿海	珠三角	西南沿海
	环渤海	辽东半岛	津冀	山东半岛	长三角	东南沿海	珠三角	西南沿海
码头泊位（个）	1415	415	403	597	1818	524	1774	410
万吨级码头泊位（个）	850	231	312	307	488	181	316	159
海岸线长度（km）	6096	2110	641	3345	3376	3751	4114	3573
码头泊位密度（个/km）	0.2321	0.1967	0.6287	0.1785	0.5385	0.1397	0.4312	0.1147
万吨级码头泊位密度（个/km）	0.1394	0.1095	0.4867	0.0918	0.1445	0.0483	0.0768	0.0445