基于村域视角的脱贫成效空间格局及影响机制研究——以湖南省新晃侗族自治县84个出列村为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj020210056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

贫困与摆脱贫困是中国改革和发展路径选择的起点和动力来源。本研究从经济建设成效、基础与公共服务设施建设成效、生活保障与就业保障成效4个维度构建评价指标体系,对2019年新晃县脱贫成效的空间格局与影响机制进行研究。结果表明：① 2019年新晃县出列村经济建设与生活保障脱贫成效指数差异较小,“高、较高、一般成效”区域相间分布,基础与公共服务设施建设、就业保障脱贫成效具有较为明显的空间分异特征。② 新晃县出列村综合脱贫成效在空间上整体呈现出“东高西低”的格局,且与地形存在较强的相关性特征。③ 新晃县综合脱贫成效主要影响因素为患有大病及长期慢性病的脱贫人数占比、行政村距县城距离、年龄结构、户均收入高于县平均收入户数占比、劳动力状况等。村域发展基础与村域自然要素是影响脱贫成效的基础本底因素,村域人口结构是影响村域脱贫成效空间分异的关键主导因素,而村域发展潜力是巩固脱贫成效的持续推动力。

关键词: 脱贫成效, 空间分异, 影响机制, 地理探测器, 新晃县

Abstract:

Poverty and getting rid of poverty are the starting point and power source of China's reform and development path. Targeted poverty alleviation in China has made remarkable achievements. By the end of 2020, 98.99 million rural poor people had been lifted out of poverty under China's current standards. The implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation policy has completely solved the problem of absolute poverty in China, which has also made great contributions to the poverty reduction in the world. Based on the multi-dimensional poverty theory, from the micro perspective, through the construction of the theoretical framework system of the effectiveness of poverty alleviation, we carry out the research on the spatial differentiation and influence mechanism of the effectiveness of poverty alleviation, which is of important academic value and practical guiding significance to enriching the theoretical system of rural poverty research. The paper selects 21 indicators from 4 aspects of economic construction effectiveness, infrastructure and public service facility construction effectiveness, life security and employment security effectiveness to examine the spatial pattern and influence mechanism of Xinhuang County's poverty alleviation effectiveness in 2019. It can be shown that: (1) There are relatively small differences between the economic construction effectiveness and life security effectiveness in the 84 villages in the study area that have been lifted from the poverty list, with high-efficiency areas, relatively high-efficiency areas, and general-efficiency areas being alternately distributed. The effectiveness of basic and public service facilities construction and employment security is characterized by obvious spatial differentiation. (2) The comprehensive poverty alleviation effectiveness of the 84 villages in the county presents a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” in space, which has a strong correlation with the terrain. (3) The main influencing factors of the comprehensive poverty alleviation effectiveness are the proportion of people out of poverty who suffer from serious diseases and long-term chronic diseases, the distance from the administrative village to the county seat, the age structure, percentage of households with average income higher than the county's level, and the status of the labor force. The foundation of village development and the natural elements are the fundamental factors affecting the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. The population structure of the village is the vital factor affecting the spatial distribution of poverty alleviation, and the development potential of the hamlet is the continuous driving force to consolidate the effectiveness of poverty alleviation.

Key words: poverty alleviation effectiveness, spatial differentiation, influence mechanism, geographic detector, Xinhuang County

蒋凌霄, 安悦, 谭雪兰, 余航菱, 王振凯, 陈园. 基于村域视角的脱贫成效空间格局及影响机制研究——以湖南省新晃侗族自治县84个出列村为例[J]. 地理研究, 2022, 41(4): 1136-1151.

JIANG Lingxiao, AN Yue, TAN Xuelan, YU Hangling, WANG Zhenkai, CHEN Yuan. The spatial differentiation and influence mechanism of poverty alleviation effectiveness at the village level: A case study from 84 villages shaking off poverty of Xinhuang County, Hunan Province[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2022, 41(4): 1136-1151.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

新晃县出列村域脱贫成效评价指标体系

目标层	准则层	指标层	权重	计算方式	+/-
村域脱贫成效水平	经济建设成效	村人均集体经济年收入	0.020	村集体经济年收入/村总人口	+
		村贫困发生率	0.008	村未脱贫人口/村总人口	-
		村人均纯收入	0.023	村调查问卷	+
		村人均生活消费支出	0.014	村调查问卷	+
		享受扶贫分红收入人数占比	0.087	享受扶贫分红收入人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		村返贫率	0.002	返贫人口/村总脱贫人口	-
	基础与公共服务设施建设成效	每千人邮政局、快递点个数	0.035	村邮政局个数×1000/村总人口	+
		每千人新增或完善学校个数	0.137	村学校个数×1000/村总人口	+
		每千人新增或完善卫生室个数	0.030	村卫生室个数×1000/村总人口	+
		卫生厕所普及率	0.002	有卫生厕所脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口	+
		入户道路硬化率	0.002	入户类型为硬化路脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口	+
		使用清洁能源占比	0.126	使用清洁能源的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口	+
	生活保障成效	接受大病救助保险率	0.036	参加大病救助保险的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口	+
		2014年以来村域危房改造率	0.025	村危房改造户数/村总户数	+
		2014年以来村域易地搬迁率	0.048	村易地搬迁人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		享受低保金人数占比	0.016	享受低保金人数村建档立卡总人口	+
	就业保障成效	参与合作社脱贫人员占村总人口比例	0.017	参与合作社脱贫人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		公益性岗位覆盖率	0.073	公益性岗位就业的脱贫人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		村龙头企业带动就业率	0.040	村龙头企业带动就业的脱贫人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		村创业致富人带动就业率	0.216	村创业致富人带动就业的脱贫人数/村建档立卡总人口	+
		二三产业就业率	0.045	村二三产业就业的脱贫人数/村建档立卡总人口	+

表1

图3

图4

图5

表2

图6

图7

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影响因子	q值	排序	计算方式
患有大病及长期慢性病的脱贫人口占比	0.325	1	患有大病及长期慢性病的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口
行政村距县城距离	0.262	2	-
年龄结构	0.236	3	16岁以下与60岁以上人口/村总人口
户均收入高于县人均收入户数占比	0.214	4	户均收入高于2019年县人均均收入的脱贫户数/村脱贫总户数
劳动力状况	0.206	5	有劳动能力的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口
残疾脱贫人口占比	0.204	6	患有残疾的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口
初中及初中以上学历的脱贫人口占比	0.199	7	初中及初中以上学历的脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口
村平均海拔	0.180	8	Arcgis 10.2软件提取
村人均耕地面积	0.165	9	村耕地面积/总人口
村地形起伏度	0.159	10	R=H_max-H_min
民族结构	0.106	11	少数民族脱贫人口/村建档立卡总人口