空间集聚对在京日企就业规模的影响研究

doi:10.11821/dlyj020210689

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

FDI企业的空间集聚已经成为重要空间现象,但其对FDI企业规模的影响尚未引起学者的重视。既有研究发现的国家尺度集聚对制造业企业规模扩张的促进效应,是否适用于制造业和服务业共存的大都市区尺度?这也需要进行再商榷。论文基于企业内部生产技术条件、企业外部交易行为,搭建了大都市区范围内企业规模分异的解析框架,利用在京日企微观数据,分析了其空间集聚特征,讨论了其就业规模与分工的时空间变动特征,解析了集聚对在京日企的就业规模影响。研究发现：① 在京日企围绕集聚中心,呈现清晰的中心-外围分异特征。1995—2016年,集聚程度增强,集聚区重心外移,集聚空间规模扩大。2016年时形成了使馆区-CBD集聚区、BDA亦庄集聚区、首都机场集聚区、Z-Park中关村集聚区。② 在京日企的单环节化、服务化空间分异特征明显。单环节日企更临近分布重心,复合环节日企更趋外;服务型日企更趋中,生产型日企更趋外。集聚区内服务功能型日企更多,集聚区外生产功能型的日企更多。③ 新增日企,无论单环节还是复合环节日企,就业规模均显著减小。越是临近分布重心、越是位于集聚区内的日企,平均就业规模越小。④ 大都市区范围内,集聚更利于吸引中小日企扎堆布局,更利于抑制其规模扩张冲动;日企主营业务的技术经济特点会影响分工作用的显现,隶属行业、进驻时长和独合资模式等也有显著性影响。

关键词: 企业规模, 企业集聚, 岭回归分析, 日企, 北京

Abstract:

The spatial agglomeration of FDI enterprises has become an important phenomenon. However, its impact on the scale of FDI enterprises has not attracted the attention of scholars. Can the promoting effect of agglomeration on the scale expansion of manufacturing enterprises at the national scale be applied to the scale of metropolitan areas where manufacturing and service industries coexist? This question needs further discussion. Considering both the internal production technology conditions and the external trade behaviors of enterprises, this paper established an analytical framework of differentiation of employment scale within metropolitan areas. By using the micro-data of Japanese enterprises in Beijing, the paper analyzed the spatial agglomeration of these enterprises, discussed the spatio-temporal characteristics of employment scale and division of labor forces, and then explained the impact of agglomeration on employment scale. The results showed that: (1) The Japanese enterprises of Beijing is characterized as central-peripheral differentiation around the agglomeration center. From 1995 to 2016, the intensity of agglomeration increased, the center of agglomeration gravity shifted outward, and the scale of agglomeration space expanded. In 2016, the Embassy-Central Business District agglomeration, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing Capital International Airport and Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park were formed. (2) The Japanese enterprises in Beijing had obvious characteristics of single link, service-oriented and spatial differentiation. The distributions of single link and service-oriented enterprises are distributed closer to the agglomeration center, while the compound link and production-oriented enterprises are located more outward. There are more service-oriented Japanese enterprises in the agglomeration areas, and more production-oriented ones outside the agglomeration areas. (3) Regardless of the single link or compound link of the emerging Japanese enterprises, the employment scale is significantly reduced. The enterprises that are close to the gravity center and those located in agglomeration areas tend to have smaller average employment scale. (4) Agglomeration is more conducive to attracting small and medium-sized Japanese enterprises to cluster and to restraining their impulse to expand within the metropolitan area. The technical and economic characteristics of the main business of Japanese enterprises will affect the division of labor forces. In addition, the subordinate industry, the duration of entry and the entry mode have significant effects.

Key words: enterprise scale, enterprise agglomeration, ridge regression analysis, Japanese enterprises, Beijing

王茂军, 马慧汶, 邵静, 曹田敏达. 空间集聚对在京日企就业规模的影响研究[J]. 地理研究, 2022, 41(7): 1845-1863.

WANG Maojun, MA Huiwen, SHAO Jing, CAOTIAN Minda. The impact of spatial agglomeration on the employment scale of Japanese enterprises in Beijing[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2022, 41(7): 1845-1863.

图/表 16

图1

表1

图2

表2

图3

表3

图4

表4

图5

表5

表6

表7

图6

表8

图7

表9

在京日企就业规模的空间集聚与分工的岭回归分析结果

指标		模型1		模型2		模型3		模型4		模型5
指标		标准化系数	P值	标准化系数	P值	标准化系数	P值	标准化系数	P值	标准化系数	P值
变量	Ln（ $∑ j = 1 n - 1 d i j$ ）	0.147	0.001***	0.092	0.005***
	集聚区变量					0.129	0.003***	0.105	0.006***	0.067	0.039**
	分工变量	0.048	0.260	0.023	0.549	0.051	0.231	0.025	0.488	0.009	0.781
	集聚区×分工							0.072	0.009***	0.042	0.075*
	行业变量			0.078	0.027**					0.078	0.029**
	入驻时长			0.214	0.000***					0.216	0.000***
	进入模式			0.068	0.087*					0.064	0.106
	城市环带区位			0.026	0.438					0.028	0.422
样本量		128		128		128		128		128
R²		0.077		0.246		0.063		0.068		0.243
调整R²		0.062		0.208		0.048		0.045		0.198
F值		F(2,125)=5.230,p =0.007		F(6,121)=6.565,p =0.000		F(2,125)=4.200,p =0.017		F(3,124)=3.018,p =0.032		F (7,120)=5.490,p =0.000

表9

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企业名称	经营内容	所属行业	环节类型
第一三共制药（北京）有限公司	医药品的开发、制造、销售	医药制造业	复合环节
北京索爱普天移动通讯有限公司	手机制造	通讯器材制造业	单一环节

环带宽度（km）	1995年		2000年		2009年		2016年
环带宽度（km）	企业(个)	占比(%)	企业(个)	占比(%)	企业(个)	占比(%)	企业(个)	占比(%)
≤ 10	30	54.55	59	57.84	155	62.24	218	66.07
0~5	22	40.00	47	46.08	121	48.59	170	51.52
5~10	8	14.55	12	11.76	34	13.65	48	14.55
10~20	15	27.27	29	28.43	57	22.90	68	20.60
10~15	1	1.82	9	8.82	22	8.84	28	8.48
15~20	14	25.45	20	19.61	35	14.06	40	12.12
>20	10	18.19	14	13.72	37	14.85	44	13.34
20~25	2	3.64	2	1.96	19	7.63	22	6.67
25~30	1	1.82	2	1.96	3	1.20	3	0.91
>30	7	12.73	10	9.80	15	6.02	19	5.76
合计	55	100.00	102	100.00	249	100.00	330	100.00

	Diffk值	集聚强度峰值	峰值与重心的距离（km）	集聚区外缘与重心的距离（km）
1995年	7876	14162	6.285	17.959
2000年	13163	19695	6.532	18.664
2009年	14696	22861	7.251	20.719
2016年	20067	33247	13.179	26.358

环节类型		集聚区内						集聚区外
环节类型		使馆-CBD 集聚区	Z-Park中关村集聚区	首都机场集聚区	BDA亦庄集聚区	企业数小计	占比（%）	企业数	占比（%）
单环节	管理投资	11	3	1	0	15	9.74	4	5.41
	金融/租赁/咨询	4	1	0	1	6	3.90	7	9.46
	研发设计	11	3	0	1	15	9.74	9	12.16
	生产	3	0	1	2	6	3.90	11	14.86
	物流	4	0	0	0	4	2.60	8	10.81
	销售	80	5	1	1	87	56.49	27	36.49
	配套服务	19	2	0	0	21	13.64	8	10.81
	小计	132	14	3	5	154	100.00	74	100.00
复合环节	含生产	8	3	5	12	28	50.91	43	75.44
	不含生产	19	8	0	0	27	49.09	14	24.56
	小计	27	11	5	12	55	100.00	57	100.00
合计		159	25	8	17	209	131

	资本金（万美元）				从业人员数（人）
	样本数（家）	下四分位数	中位数	上四分位数	样本数	下四分位数	中位数	上四分位数
1995年以前	50	247.00	1044.40	3799.67	30	56.50	138.50	276.50
1996—2000年	93	255.00	1050.35	5220.24	51	57.00	110.00	264.00
2001—2009年	220	124.60	600.00	2649.21	134	20.75	79.00	212.00
2010—2016年	293	97.91	451.50	1755.48	164	14.00	50.00	174.75