月表形貌特征研究进展及趋势分析

doi:10.11821/dlyj201406001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在月球探测及科学研究过程中，对月表形貌特征的认识和分析是月球探测计划的关键任务之一，有助于理解和揭示月球的形态特征及空间分异规律，对于分析月球岩石构造、估算月表年龄、反演月壤厚度、恢复月球的起源和演化历史等都具有重要意义。从月表形貌特征的塑造及表达、宏观特征的分析与定量刻画、月表撞击坑的识别与分类及空间分异特征等几方面进行了归纳和分析，提出了未来月表形貌的研究方向，包括全月球形貌特征的多级分区划分、撞击坑类型的划分、全月球撞击坑空间分异特征及规律的研究、基于撞击坑空间分布探讨月球演化、基于形貌特征的比较行星学研究等。

关键词: 月表形貌, 撞击坑, 特征分析, 月球科学, 比较形貌学

Abstract: The study on lunar topography and geomorphology is one of the key tasks of the lunar exploration program, which are essential to expanding understanding of lunar surface. The lunar topography research also had a profound effect on other studies such as the lunar rock formations, the estimation of relative lunar age, the correction of landing sites of detectors, the recovery of the thickness of lunar soil, and the evolution history of the moon. This paper reviewed the research of lunar surface morphology from the following four aspects: (1) the formation and visualization of lunar topography and geomorphology; (2) the macroscopic analysis and quantitative characterization of lunar topography and geomorphology; (3) the detection, classification and spatial analysis of lunar impact craters; (4) the deduction of lunar relative age based on lunar impact craters. Among the above mentioned four aspects, the emphasis was been placed on the research of lunar impact craters. Finally, we discussed the development of lunar topography and geomorphology. In the future, the complete lunar impact crater database, including multi index, such as spatial position, morphology, shape, size and ray etc. will be built; methods on how to distinguish main crater and secondary craters need to be strengthened, and thus an expression paradigm for morphological characteristics of impact craters also need to be built to understand and estimate their evolutionary history. Based on multi-sources RS and DEM data, a topographic regionalization map needs to be finished by means of many topographic index and imagery characteristics. Based on the database, the spatial distribution of lunar crater, the lunar evolution and the study of comparative planetology based on lunar topography and geomorphology will be the hot point to be researched.

Key words: lunar topography, impact crater, characteristics, lunar science, comparative planetology

程维明, 王娇, 周成虎. 月表形貌特征研究进展及趋势分析[J]. 地理研究, 2014, 33(6): 1003-1014.

CHENG Weiming, WANG Jiao, ZHOU Chenghu. Analysis on research progress and tendency of lunar morphological characteristics[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2014, 33(6): 1003-1014.

参考文献

[1] 欧阳自远. 我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(3): 351-358. [OuYang Ziyuan. Scientific objectives of Chinese lunar exploration project and development strategy. Advances in Earth Science, 2004, 19(3): 351-358.]
[2] 熊盛青. 月球探测与研究进展. 国土资源遥感, 2009, 21(4): 1-7. [Xiong Shengqing. A review of lunar exploration and study. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 2009, 21(4): 1-7.]
[3] Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X, et al. The global image of the Moon obtained by the Chang'E-1: Data processing and lunar cartography. Science China Earth Sciences, 2010, 53 (8): 1091-1102.
[4] 陈俊勇, 章传银, 党亚民. 月球航天探测和月球测绘. 测绘学报, 2005, 34(3): 189-195. [Chen Junyong, Zhang Chuanyin, Dang Yamin. Lunar spatial exploration, surveying and mapping. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographic Sinica, 2005, 34 (3): 189-195.]
[5] 邓连印, 崔乃刚. 月球探测发展历程及启示. 哈尔滨工业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2008, 10 (3): 14-19. [Deng Lianyin, Cui Naigang. The development and enlightenment of lunar exploration. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology: Social Sciences Edition, 2008, 10(3): 14-19.]
[6] Chabot N L, Hoppa G V, Strom R G. Analysis of lunar lineaments: far side and polar mapping. Icarus, 2000, 147(1): 301-308.
[7] O'Keefe J A, Lowman Jr P D. Tektites as a guide to the structure of the Moon. Tectonophysics, 1965, 2(4): 319-332
[8] 甘甫平, 于艳梅, 闫柏琨. 月表形貌格局和物源特征的耦合性初步研究. 国土资源遥感, 2009, 21(4): 14-18. [Gan Fuping, Yu Yanmei, Yan Baikun. A primary study of the relationship between Lunar surface topography and physiognomy and geological information coupling. Remote Sensing For Land & Resources, 2009, 21(4): 14-18.]
[9] 王翔, 陈建平, 许延波, 等. 基于嫦娥数据的月球虹湾区域TiO₂、MgO含量反演. 地学前缘, 2012, 19(6): 28-36. [Wang Xiang, Chen Jianping, Xu Yanbo, et al. Inversion of centents of TiO₂ and MgO in Sinus Iridum area of lunar surface based on Chang'E data. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(6): 28-36.]
[10] Wilhelms D E, Oberbeck V R, Aggarwal H R. Size-frequency distributions of primary and secondary lunar impact craters. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 9th, Houston, Tex., March 13-17, 1978, Proceedings. Volume 3. (A79-39253 16-91) New York: Pergamon Press, Incorporation, 1978: 3735-3762.
[11] Epp C D, Robertson E A, Brady T. Autonomous landing and hazard avoidance technology. IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2008.
[12] 孟治国, 陈圣波, 刘财, 等. 非均匀月壤介质的被动微波辐射传输模拟. 吉林大学学报: 地球科学版, 2008, 38 (6) : 1070-1074. [Meng Zhiguo, Chen Shengbo, Liu Cai, et al. Simulation on passive microwave radiative transfer in inhomogeneous lunar regolith. Journal of Jilin University: Earth Science Edition, 2008, 38 (6): 1070-1074.]
[13] Oberbeck V R, QuaideWL. Genetic implication of lunar regolith thickness variations. Icarus, 1968, 9(1-3): 446-465.
[14] 欧阳自远. 月球科学概论.北京: 中国宇航出版社, 2005. [OuYang Ziyuan. Introduction to Lunar Science. Beijing: China Astronautic Publishing House, 2005.]
[15] 程维明, 周成虎, 柴慧霞, 等. 中国陆地地貌基本形态类型定量提取与分析. 地球信息科学学报, 2009, 11(6): 725-736. [Cheng Weiming, Zhou Chenghu, Chai Huixia, et al. Quantitative extraction and analysis of basic morphological types of land geomorphology in China. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2009, 11(6): 725-736.]
[16] 欧阳自远. 月球探测的进展与中国的月球探测. 地质科技情报, 2004, 23(4): 1-5. [Ouyang Ziyuan. International lunar exploration progress and Chinese lunar exploration. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2004, 23(4): 1-5.]
[17] E. A. 金. 宇宙地质学概论. 王道德, 谢先德, 曹鉴秋, 译. 北京: 科学出版社, 1983. [King E A. Space Geology: An Introduction. Translated byWang Daode, Xie Xiande, Cao Jianqiu. Beijing: Science Press, 1983.]
[18] Barabashov N P, Mikha?lov A A, Lipski? Iu N. Atlas Obratnoi Storony Luny. Moskva: Izd-vo-Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1960.
[19] Stooke P J. The International Atlas of Lunar Exploration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[20] Lewis H A G. The Times Atlas of the Moon. London: Times Newspapers, 1969.
[21] Bowker D E, Hughes J K. Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1971.
[22] Eliason E, Isbell C, Lee E, et al. The Clementine UVVIS Global Lunar Mosaic. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1999.
[23] Rosiek M R, Kirk R, Howington-Kraus E. Color-coded topography and shaded relief maps of the lunar hemispheres. 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 2002.
[24] Bussey B, Spudis P. The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[25] Archinal B A, Rosiek M R, Kirk R L, et al. Completion of the Unified Lunar Control Network 2005 and Topographic model. 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 2006.
[26] Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. Topography of the Moon from the Clementine Lidar. Journal of Geophysi-cal Research, 1997, 102(E1):1591-1611.
[27] Zuber M T, Smith D E, Lemoine F G, et al. The shape and internal structure of the Moon from the Clementine mission. Science, 1994, 266(5192):1839-1843.
[28] Ping J S, Heki K, Matsumoto K, et al. A degree 180 spherical harmonic model for the lunar topography. Advance in Space Research, 2003, 31(11): 2377-2382.
[29] Margot J L, Campbell D B, Jurgens R F, et al. The topography of Tycho crater. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, 104(E5): 11875-11882.
[30] Margot J L, Campbell D B, Jurgens R F, et al. Topography of the lunar poles from radar interferometry: A survey of cold trap locations. Science, 1999, 284(5420): 1658-1660.
[31] Ping J S, Huang Q, Yan J G, et al. Lunar topographic model CLTM-s01 from Chang'E-1 laser altimeter. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2009, 52(7): 1105-1114.
[32] Li C L, Ren X, Liu J J, et al. Laser altimetry data of Chang'E-1 and the global lunar DEM model. Science China Earth Sciences, 2010, 53(11): 1582-1593.
[33] Dong Y F, Sun Y K, Tang Z S. Interactive visualization of 3D lunar model with texture and labels, using Chang'E-1 data. Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 2013, 56(10): 2002-2008.
[34] Google. http://www.google.com/moon/.
[35] 葛之江, 殷礼明, 林宗坚. 月球遥感立体测绘技术的发展. 航天返回与遥感, 2005, 26(2): 11-21. [Ge Zhijiang, Yin Liming, Lin Zongjian. Status and trend of development of lunar topography surveying. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2005, 26(2): 11-21.]
[36] Miyamoto S. Morphological study of the lunar crust. Icarus, 1968, 9(1):373-390.
[37] Cameron A GW. The impact theory for origin of the moon. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1986: 579-608.
[38] Hawke B R, Blewett D T, Lucey P G, et al. The origin of lunar crater rays. Icarus, 2004, 170(1): 1-16.
[39] United States Geological Survey. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/.
[40] Rodionova J F. The morphology of the lunar surface parts in the region of work of the mobile geological laboratory vehicle in Mare Imbrium. Missions, Technologies, and Design of Planetary Mobile Vehicles, 1993, 1: 161-165.
[41] Ronca L B. Meteoritic impact and Volcanism. Icarus, 1966, 5(1): 515-520.
[42] Cook A C, Spudis P D, Robinson M S, et al. Lunar topography and basins mapped using a Clementine stereo digital elevation model. Lunar and planetary science, 2002, 33: 1281-1282.
[43] 樊世超, 贾阳, 向树红, 等. 月面地形地貌环境模拟初步研究．航天器环境工程, 2007, 24(1): 15-20. [Fan Shichao, Jia Yang, Xiang Shuhong, et al. A preliminary study on simulation of lunar surface terrain. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2007, 24(1): 15-20.]
[44] 张伍, 党兆龙, 贾阳. 月面数字地形构造方法研究. 航天器环境工程, 2008, 25(4): 301-305. [Zhang Wu, Dang Zhaolong, Jia Yang. Constructing methods for lunar digital terrain. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2008, 25(4): 301-305.]
[45] 周增坡, 程维明, 周成虎, 等. 基于"嫦娥一号"的月表形貌特征分析与自动提取. 科学通报, 2011, 56(1): 18-26. [Zhou Zengpo, Cheng Weiming, Zhou Chenghu, et al. Characteristic analysis of the lunar surface and automatically extracting of the lunar morphology based on CE-1. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011, 56(1): 18-26.]
[46] 金亚秋, 法文哲, 徐丰. 月球表面微波主动被动遥感的建模模拟与反演. 遥感技术与应用, 2007, 22(2): 129-134. [Jin Yaqiu, Fa Wenzhe, Xu Feng. Modeling simulation and inversion for microwave active and passive remote sensing of the lunar surface. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2007, 22(2): 129-134.]
[47] 法文哲, 金亚秋. 月球表面月壤中3He含量分布的定量估算. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2008, 38(2): 167-176. [Fa Wenzhe, Jin Yaqiu. Quantitative estimation of distribution of 3He content in the soil on the surface of the Moon. Science China: Earth Sciences, 2008, 38(2): 167-176.]
[48] Lucey P G. Mineral maps of the moon. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31(8):1-4.
[49] Baldwin R B. The Face of the Moon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
[50] Fieder G. Lunar Geology. DuFour Editions: Chester Springs, 1967.
[51] Wood C A, Anderson L. New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters. In: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 9th, Houston, Tex., March 13-17, 1978, Proceedings. (A79-39253 16-91) New York, Pergamon Press, Inc., 1978: 3669-3689.
[52] Heiken G H, Vaniman D T, Frend B M. Lunar Sourcebook: A User's Guide to the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991: 62-63.
[53] StÖffler D, Ryder G, Ivanov B A, et al. Cratering history and lunar chronology. Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2006, 60(1): 519-596.
[54] 何姝珺, 陈建平, 李珂, 等. 月表典型区撞击坑形态分类及分布特征. 地学前缘, 2012, 19(6): 83-89. [He Shujun, Chen Jianping, Li Ke, et al. The morphological classification and distribution characteristics of the craters in the LQ-4 area. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(6): 83-89.]
[55] Sawabe Y, Matsunaga T, Rokugawa S. Automated detection and classification of lunar craters using multiple approaches. Advances in Space Research, 2006, 37(1): 21-27.
[56] 张锋, 邹永廖, 郑永春, 等. 月表撞击坑自动识别与提取的新方法及其应用. 地学前缘, 2012, 19(6): 118-127. [Zhang Feng, Zou Yongliao, Zheng Yongchun, et al. A new automated approach to detecting and extracting lunar craters and its application. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(6): 118-127.]
[57] Urbach E R, Stepinski T F. Automatic detection of sub-km craters in high resolution planetary images. Planetary and Space Science, 2009, 57(7): 880-887.
[58] Sawabe Y, Matsunaga T, Rokugawa S. Automatic crater detection algorithm for the lunar surface using multiple approaches. Journal of Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 2005, 25(2): 157-168.
[59] 岳宗玉, 刘建忠, 吴淦国. 应用面向对象分类方法对月球撞击坑进行自动识别. 科学通报, 2008, 53(22): 2809-2813.[Yue Zongyu, Liu Jianzhong, Wu Ganguo. Object-oriented classification method to automatically identify impact craters of the moon. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(22): 2809-2813.]
[60] Ding M, Cao Y F. Wu Q X. A method of craters detection from the surface imagery of moon. Journal of Astronautics. 2009, 30(3): 1243-1248.
[61] BurI M C, Stough T, Colwell W, et al. Automated detection of craters and other geological features. In: Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics & Automation in Space: i-SAIRAS 2001, Canadian Space Agency, St-Hubert, Quebec, Canada, June 18-22, 2001.
[62] Wan C, Cheng W M, Zhou Z P, et al. Automatic extraction of lunar impact craters from Chang'E-1 satellite photographs. Science China, Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 2012, 55(1): 162-169.
[63] Luo L, Mu L L, Wang X Y, et al. Global detection of large lunar craters based on the CE-1digital elevation model. Earth Science Frontiers, 2013, 7(4): 456-464.
[64] Bue B D, Stepinski T F. Machine detection of Martian impact craters from digital topography data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2007, 45: 265-274.
[65] Bandeira L, Ding W, Stepinski T F. Detection of sub-kilometer craters in high resolution planetary images using shape and texture features. Advances in Space Research, 2012, 49: 64-74.
[66] Kim J R, Muller J P, et al. Automated crater detection, a new tool for mars cartography and chronology. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 2005, 71(10): 1205-1217.
[67] Stepinski T F. Robust automated identification of Martian impact craters. Lunar and Planetary Science, 2007, 38: 1202-1203.
[68] Lunar and Planetary Institute. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/surface/.
[69] Grosse P, van Wyk de V B, Euillades P A, et al. Systematic morphometric characterization of volcanic edifices using digital elevation models. Geomorphology, 2012, 136(1): 114-131.
[70] 侯琳. 月球撞击坑空间分布及形貌特征的定量化描述. 吉林: 东北师范大学硕士学位论文, 2013. [Hou Lin. Moon craters spatial distribution and morphology of the quantitative description. Jilin: Master Dissertation of Northeast Normal University, 2013.]
[71] Young J. A statistical investigation of the diameters and distribution of lunar craters. The Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 1940, 50(9): 309-326.
[72] Neukum G, Koenig B, Arkani-Hamed J. A study of lunar impact crater size-distributions. Moon, 1975, 12(2): 201-229.
[73] Neukum G, Ivanov B A. Crater size distributions and impact probabilities on earth from lunar, terrestrial planeta, and asteroid cratering data. In: Gehrels T, Matthews M S, Schumann A M. Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1994: 359-416.
[74] Florensky C P, Basilevsky A T, Grebennik N N. The relationship between lunar crater morphology and crater size. The Moon, 1976, (16): 59-70.
[75] Moutsoulas M, Preka P. Morphological characteristics of lunar craters with small depth/diameter ratio I. Earth, Moon and Planets, 1979, 21(3): 299-305.
[76] Moutsoulas M, Preka P. Morphological characteristics of lunar craters with small depth/diameter ratio II. Earth, Moon and Planets, 1980, 23(1): 113-126.
[77] Grieve R A f, Pesoner L J. Trrestrial impact craters: Their spatial and temporal distribution and impacting bodies. Earth, Moon and Planets, 1996, (72): 357-376.
[78] Craddock R A, Maxwell T A, Howard A D. Crater morphometry and modification in the Sinus Sabaeus and Margaritifer Sinus regions of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102(E6): 13321-13340.
[79] Aittola M, Ohman T, Leitner J J, et al. The characteristics of polygonal impact craters on Venus. Earth Moon Planet, 2007, 10(1-2): 41-53.
[80] 赵健楠, 黄俊, 肖龙, 等. 撞击坑统计定年法及对月球虹湾地区的定年结果. 地球科学: 中国地质大学学报, 2013, 38 (2): 351-360. [Zhao Jiannan, Huang Jun, Xiao Long, et al. Crater size-frequency distribution measurements and age determination of Sinus Iridum. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience, 2013, 38(2): 351-360.]
[81] Bart G D. Lunar surface geology from analysis of impact craters and their ejecta. Arizona: Doctoral Thesis of the University of Arizona, 2007.
[82] Shoemaker E M. Preliminary analysis of the fine structure of the lunar surface in Mare Cognitum. The Nature of the Lunar Surface, 1965, 1: 23.
[83] McEwen A S, Preblich B S, Turtle E P, et al. The rayed crater Zunil and interpretations of small impact craters on Mars. Icarus, 2005, 176(2): 351-381.
[84] McEwen A S, Bierhaus E B. The importance of secondary cratering to age constraints on planetary surfaces. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2006, 34(1): 535-567.
[85] Bart G D, Melosh H J. Distributions of boulders ejected from lunar craters. Icarus, 2010, 209(2): 337-357.