陕甘宁地区农业龙头企业集群发展的区位选择 ——基于6个国家级农业科技园区内的企业管理者调查

doi:10.11821/dlyj201408011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

企业是最基本的微观经济单元,研究企业管理者的区位决策行为能为园区的优化布局与企业的集群发展提供依据。基于企业的微观视角,在对已有研究梳理的基础上,建立了龙头企业集群发展的区位选择理论模型,采取半结构式访谈法和问卷调查法对杨凌、渭南、吴忠、银川、定西、天水6个国家级农业科技园区的企业进行抽样调查,结合结构方程模型从地理区位、政策环境、产业环境和园区环境等四个方面,对影响龙头企业集群发展区位选择的机理进行了实证研究。结果表明: 龙头企业集群发展的区位选择受4个变量的直接效应与间接效应的综合影响;从表象来看,影响龙头企业集群发展区位选择因素的直接效应强度依次是产业环境>政策环境>地理区位>园区环境;从本质来看,地理区位的差异性形成了政策环境的特殊性,两者又经连锁通道形成了产业环境的差异性与园区环境的优越性,从而对企业管理者的区位决策行为产生不同的影响,即影响龙头企业集群发展区位选择因素的总体效应强度依次是地理区位>政策环境>产业环境>园区环境。

关键词: 区位选择, 龙头企业, 企业集群, 陕甘宁地区, 农业科技园区

Abstract:

As the most basic micro-economic units, enterprises attract a wide range of research interests. One of the fields of interest is decision-making behavior of enterprise managers on location choices in technology parks because it provides the basis for the layout optimization of the parks and for the development of enterprise clusters. This paper examined the location choices of agricultural leading enterprises for the cluster development through a survey of enterprise managers from six national agricultural science and technology parks in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region. Firstly, according to the literature reviews, a location choice model for the cluster development of leading enterprises was established from the micro-perspective of enterprises. Secondly, this study carried out semi-structured interviews and questionnaires on enterprises from six national agricultural technology parks in Yangling, Weinan, Wuzhong, Yinchuan, Dingxi and Tianshui, and disclosed the location choice mechanism of leading enterprises for cluster development through a structural equation model from the following four aspects: geographical location, the policy environment, industry environment and campus environment. Finally, the results show that: location choices of the leading enterprises are directly or indirectly affected by the above four variables. As for the direct effects, the intensity of each factor goes in the descending order as follows: industrial environment, political environment, geographical location and environment of parks. In essence, however, the intensity of each factor goes in descending order as follows: geographical location, political environment, industrial environment and the environment of parks. The reason for this is that the heterogeneity of the geographical location resulted in the unique political environment, and both of them together formed the difference of industrial environment and the superiority of campus environment through chain channels, which consequently have different effects on the location choices of agricultural leading enterprises for their cluster development.

Key words: location choice, leading enterprises, enterprises cluster, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region, agricultural science and technology park

龙冬平, 李同昇, 苗园园, 李晓越, 刘淑娟, 于正松. 陕甘宁地区农业龙头企业集群发展的区位选择 ——基于6个国家级农业科技园区内的企业管理者调查[J]. 地理研究, 2014, 33(8): 1515-1528.

Dongping LONG, Tongsheng LI, Yuanyuan MIAO, Xiaoyue LI, Shujuan LIU, Zhengsong YU. Research on location choices of agricultural leading enterprises' cluster development: A survey of enterprise managers from six national agricultural science and technology parks in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2014, 33(8): 1515-1528.

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潜变量	观测变量	代码	潜变量	观测变量	代码
地理区位	自然资源条件	V1	产业环境	竞争状况	V10
	文化传统	V2		市场需求	V11
	劳动力资源	V3		企业规模	V12
	交通地理位置	V4	园区环境	基础设施	V13
	技术与知识	V5		信息共享平台	V14
政策环境	税收优惠	V6		科研机构	V15
	贴息贷款	V7		技术扩散通道	V16
	优先融资	V8	龙头企业集群	企业间互动	V17
	土地易得	V9		企业协作水平	V18

杨凌	渭南	吴忠	银川	定西	天水
样本(比例)	样本(比例)	样本(比例)	样本(比例)	样本(比例)	样本(比例)
41	23	22	24	34	5
27.52%	15.44%	14.77%	16.11%	22.82%	3.36%

企业性质	数量(家)	比例(%)	企业级别	数量(家)	比例(%)
国有或国有控股	3	2.01	国家级	16	10.74
集体企业	2	1.34	省级	49	32.89
民营企业	137	91.95	市级	39	26.17
外商投资企业	2	1.34	县级	37	24.83
其他	5	3.36	其他	8	5.37
固定资产(万元)	数量(家)	比例(%)	用地规模(万m²)	数量(家)	比例(%)
S<1000	42	28.19	A<1	19	12.75
1000≤S<4000	47	31.54	1≤A<4	56	37.58
4000≤S<7000	22	14.77	4≤A<7	25	16.78
7000≤S<10000	11	7.38	7≤A<10	18	12.08
S≥10000	27	18.12	A≥10	31	20.81
资金来源	数量(家)	比例(%)	经营内容	数量(家)	比例(%)
自身积累	109	73.15	种植型	19	12.75
亲朋支借	10	6.71	养殖型	21	14.09
银行贷款	84	56.38	综合型	14	9.40
合作投资	44	29.53	市场销售型	10	6.71
其他	11	7.38	生产加工型	85	57.05

潜变量	观察变量	Mean	Std. D	Cronbach's α	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4	因子5
地理区位	V1	2.624	0.483	0.848	0.221	0.817	-0.012	0.069	0.189
	V2	1.477	0.536		0.144	0.528	-0.014	0.073	0.119
	V3	1.564	0.610		0.189	0.779	0.061	0.026	-0.068
	V4	2.067	0.695		0.205	0.692	0.386	-0.063	-0.093
	V5	4.060	0.781		0.246	0.773	-0.015	0.375	0.128
政策环境	V6	4.013	0.735	0.836	-0.040	0.004	0.846	0.063	-0.151
	V7	2.020	0.183		0.011	0.227	0.761	0.204	-0.252
	V8	4.436	0.661		0.003	-0.094	0.805	0.133	-0.011
	V9	4.483	0.577		-0.188	0.090	0.689	0.041	0.505
产业环境	V10	4.013	0.452	0.852	0.752	0.196	0.130	0.237	-0.037
	V11	3.141	0.600		0.849	0.225	0.021	-0.034	0.052
	V12	2.993	0.387		0.778	-0.177	-0.218	0.137	0.014
园区环境	V13	4.141	0.626	0.872	0.154	0.133	-0.299	0.027	0.756
	V14	3.456	0.809		-0.034	0.298	0.148	0.207	0.838
	V15	4.007	0.767		0.434	-0.028	0.249	-0.013	0.656
	V16	4.067	0.794		0.256	-0.032	-0.108	0.149	0.815
龙头企业集群	V17	3.443	0.627	0.845	-0.072	0.158	0.032	0.782	0.351
	V18	3.839	0.545		-0.051	0.109	-0.093	0.842	0.526

假设	变量间关系	路径系数	C.R.	显著性概率值	检验结果
H1	地理区位→龙头企业集群	0.469	3.378	0.000	成立
H2	地理区位→政策环境	0.821	2.492	0.014	成立
H3	地理区位→园区环境	0.064	0.806	0.605	不成立
H4	政策环境→龙头企业集群	0.705	2.469	0.000	成立
H5	政策环境→产业环境	0.368	10.207	0.006	成立
H6	政策环境→园区环境	0.709	4.578	0.000	成立
H7	产业环境→龙头企业集群	0.848	7.556	0.000	成立
H8	产业环境→政策环境	0.092	0.823	0.519	不成立
H9	园区环境→龙头企业集群	0.308	11.726	0.024	成立