地理研究

地理研究 ›› 2014, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 1668-1679.doi: 10.11821/dlyj201409008

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北京中心城区内涝成因

孙喆1,2   

  1. 1. 北京大学城市与环境学院, 北京100871
    2. 北京大学建筑与景观设计学院, 北京100871
  • 出版日期:2014-09-20 发布日期:2014-09-20
  • 作者简介:

    作者简介：孙喆（1988-）,男,贵州毕节人,博士生,研究方向为城市规划与设计

  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(51078004)

Causal Factors of Local Floods in Beijing Central City

Zhe SUN1,2   

  1. 1. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    2. College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Online:2014-09-20 Published:2014-09-20

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摘要：

城市化的发展改变了原始的自然水文循环系统,打破了水量的均衡而导致了城市内涝。本文梳理了应对雨水的基本模式,并总结出与城市规划相关的三方面主要致涝因素——城市土地利用、水系统和基础设施。以北京中心城区为案例,综合考虑城市用地变化过程,从城市基本汇水区单元的视角出发,分析城区内涝程度和上述三方面因素之间的关联规律。结果表明平均坡度、河网密度与城市内涝程度呈线性正相关;耕地比率、林地比率、荒地比率与城市内涝程度呈线性负相关;而不透水表面比率和建设用地比率与城市内涝程度呈指数正相关关系。

关键词: 城市内涝, 土地利用, 相关分析, 北京市

Abstract:

Urbanization has changed the original natural hydrological systems, broken the natural balance of water flow and in some cases caused local floods in urban area. Having reviewed different storm water treatment modes, three key causal factors of local floods related to urban planning are identified: urban land use, storm water system and infrastructure. Taking the central city of Beijing as case study area, this article summarizes the underlying urban surface changes in recent years. Comparing Beijing city’s land use data from the year 1993 with data from 2007, the study reveals that 241 km2 of land has been constructed upon. In addition, 37.5 km2 of water body surface has been developed upon as well. The change of land use structure significantly increases the amount of impervious surface, which has produced much more storm water while decreasing the amount of spaces which could store water in the city. Since the relief of Beijing central city is relatively flat, traditional delineation method based on the digital elevation model (DEM) would face some constraints. In this study, considering the fact that the real storm water catchments are affiliated with the underground drainage system, we have developed a method to delineate 62 catchments of Beijing central city based on the underground drainage system layout. Besides that, we have spatially digitalized the local flood points of Beijing’s central city from 2004 to 2012 into a database. The database is developed based on data collected from newspapers as well as field surveys. Using the catchment delineations, we analyze urban local floods in relationship with: urban land use, water systems and storm water infrastructure characteristics. The main findings can be summarized as follows. First, through the Pearson correlation analysis, it is revealed that average slope, construction land ratio, impervious land ration and density of rivers are significantly positively correlated with local flood degrees, while arable land ratio, ratio of woodlands, and vacant land ratio are significantly negatively correlated with local floods. Further analysis shows that while using regression simulation, arable land ratio, woodland ratio, vacant land ratio and urban local floods have a negative linear correlation. Finally, there is an exponential relationship between impervious surface ratio, construction land ratio, and the degree of local floods as well.

Key words: urban local floods, land use, correlation analysis, Beijing