中国东部沿海城市旅游发展的时空演变

doi:10.11821/dlyj201410015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市旅游时空演变是旅游地理学研究的热点领域。以中国东部沿海城市为研究区,分析城市旅游发展的时空演变格局。首先分析沿海城市旅游发展强度的时空演变,进而采用DEA数据包络分析法计算沿海城市旅游发展效率的时空演变。研究表明：① 在旅游发展强度方面,东部沿海城市之间的旅游发展强度差异较大,长三角、珠三角以及环渤海的辽东半岛和山东半岛地区的旅游发展强度较强,海峡西岸经济区和环北部湾地区的旅游发展强度较弱。② 10年间在旅游发展综合效率方面基本维持不变,而旅游发展纯技术效率显著增强,旅游发展的规模效率则显著减弱。说明沿海城市的旅游发展已经逐渐由规模效率向技术效率转变。③ 综合旅游发展强度和旅游发展效率两个方面看,将东部沿海城市旅游发展类型分为“高—有效型”、“低—有效型”、“高—无效型”和“低—无效型”四种类型。其中“高—有效型”城市旅游发展较为成熟,“低—有效型”和“高—无效型”城市旅游发展一般,“低—无效”城市旅游发展相对较差。整体来看,珠三角和海峡西岸地区旅游发展强度和旅游发展效率均出现一定程度下滑,长三角、环渤海和北部湾地区的旅游发展强度和旅游发展效率均呈现不同程度增加。

关键词: 旅游发展强度, 旅游发展效率, 时空演变, 东部沿海城市

Abstract:

The study on the regional tourism development patterns has become a hotspot in the field of tourism geographies. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have mainly focused on the tourism strength, tourism development efficiency, tourism competitiveness, tourism development spatial difference, tourism development spatial patterns and etc. The spatio-temporal evolution of city tourism is the hot-spot of tourism geographies research. This article, choosing China's eastern coastal cities as the research objective, analyzes the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of tourism development. First, it comes to the analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism development strength, and then it analyses the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism development efficiency by DEA data envelopment method.Results show that in the aspect of tourism development strength, there is great difference among the eastern coastal cities. The tourism development strength in the cities of Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula in Bohai Economic Circle is strong, but that on the west side of the Straits Economic Zone and Beibu Gulf Economic Zone is weak. During the ten years, the comprehensive efficiency of tourism development basically maintained unchanged; however, the pure technical efficiency is remarkably enhanced, and the scale efficiency is reduced significantly, which indicates that the development of the coastal city tourism has gradually changed from scale efficiency to technical efficiency. Moreover, through the data analysis of the years of 2002, 2006 and 2011, it is found that as time goes by, the polarization efficiency of tourism development comprehensive efficiency has also increased.

Key words: tourism strength, tourism efficiency, spatio-temporal evolution, eastern coastal cities

秦伟山, 张义丰, 李世泰. 中国东部沿海城市旅游发展的时空演变[J]. 地理研究, 2014, 33(10): 1956-1965.

Weishan QIN, Yifeng ZHANG, Shitai LI. Study on the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism of China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2014, 33(10): 1956-1965.

图/表 6

图1

表1

图2

表2

东部沿海城市旅游发展效率"

城市	综合效率				纯技术效率				规模效率
城市	2002	2006		2011		2002	2006	2011	2002	2006	2011
天津市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-
唐山市	0.312	0.320	0.246	↓	0.313	0.318	0.264	↓	0.975	0.994	0.936	↓
秦皇岛市	0.706	0.792	0.550	↑	0.731	0.804	0.574	↓	0.951	0.978	0.965	↑
沧州市	0.213	0.206	0.135	↓	0.205	0.282	0.312	↑	1.000	0.709	0.415	↓
大连市	0.572	0.619	0.734	↑	0.622	0.733	0.867	↑	0.920	0.863	0.835	↓
丹东市	0.623	0.845	1.000	↑	0.645	0.858	1.000	↑	0.988	0.970	1.000	↑
锦州市	0.334	0.464	0.650	↑	0.360	0.581	0.702	↑	0.980	0.822	0.952	↓
营口市	0.421	0.322	0.724	↑	0.440	0.509	0.801	↑	0.976	0.638	0.899	↓
盘锦市	0.373	0.635	1.000	↑	0.451	0.710	1.000	↑	0.852	0.892	1.000	↑
葫芦岛市	0.601	0.550	0.820	↑	0.622	0.633	0.912	↑	0.968	0.866	0.900	↓
青岛市	0.831	0.832	0.750	↓	0.878	0.989	0.889	↑	0.938	0.858	0.851	↓
东营市	0.290	0.230	0.268	↓	0.304	0.392	0.562	↑	0.945	0.580	0.457	↓
烟台市	0.670	0.568	0.600	↓	0.718	0.587	0.651	↓	0.933	0.981	0.916	↓
潍坊市	1.000	0.651	0.550	↓	1.000	0.679	0.668	↓	1.000	0.965	0.818	↓
威海市	0.862	0.783	0.850	↓	0.875	0.788	0.892	↑	0.996	0.998	0.960	↓
日照市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	↑
滨州市	0.404	0.455	0.293	↓	0.494	0.617	0.555	↑	0.813	0.731	0.513	↓
上海市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-
南通市	0.471	0.551	0.561	↑	0.475	0.562	0.558	↑	0.986	0.956	0.999	↑
连云港市	0.401	0.549	0.525	↑	0.399	0.582	0.577	↑	0.998	0.968	0.926	↓
盐城市	0.393	0.311	0.275	↓	0.393	0.350	0.344	↓	0.999	0.868	0.792	↑
杭州市	0.985	0.822	0.680	↓	1.000	1.000	0.745	↓	0.983	0.825	0.919	↓
宁波市	0.950	0.863	0.788	↓	0.969	1.000	1.000	↑	0.978	0.859	0.788	↓
温州市	0.567	0.724	0.623	↑	0.604	0.750	0.730	↑	0.953	0.975	0.850	↓
嘉兴市	0.890	0.971	0.904	↑	0.913	1.000	0.945	↑	0.972	0.969	0.954	↓
绍兴市	0.950	0.978	0.878	↓	0.967	1.000	1.000	↑	0.989	0.980	0.878	↓
舟山市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-
台州市	0.843	0.938	0.752	↓	0.851	0.960	0.901	↑	0.996	0.977	0.829	↓
福州市	0.561	0.380	0.580	↑	0.572	0.398	0.642	↑	0.988	0.948	0.909	↓
厦门市	1.000	1.000	0.993	↓	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	0.992	↓
莆田市	1.000	1.000	0.774	↓	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	0.772	↓
泉州市	0.609	0.886	0.600	↓	0.668	0.941	0.625	↓	0.916	0.944	0.964	↑
漳州市	1.000	0.793	0.521	↓	1.000	0.815	0.636	↓	1.000	0.968	0.824	↓
宁德市	0.092	0.097	0.335	↑	0.106	0.389	0.577	↑	0.941	0.256	0.582	↓
广州市	0.959	1.000	1.000	↑	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	0.963	1.000	1.000	↑
深圳市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-
珠海市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-
汕头市	0.279	0.370	0.325	↑	0.296	0.439	0.430	↑	0.930	0.855	0.755	↓
阳江市	0.405	0.516	0.881	↑	0.405	0.570	0.985	↑	0.973	0.921	0.886	↓
惠州市	0.440	0.198	0.208	↓	0.432	0.303	0.325	↓	0.993	0.662	0.612	↓
汕尾市	0.382	0.418	0.322	↓	0.518	0.517	0.532	↑	0.756	0.810	0.601	↓
东莞市	0.922	1.000	0.624	↓	0.989	1.000	0.658	↓	0.921	1.000	0.958	↑
中山市	1.000	0.293	0.412	↓	1.000	0.621	0.982	↓	1.000	0.479	0.430	↓
江门市	0.780	0.301	0.255	↓	0.780	0.520	0.559	↓	0.999	0.585	0.465	↓
茂名市	0.137	0.802	0.755	↑	0.141	0.965	0.876	↑	0.968	0.827	0.862	↓
潮洲市	0.375	0.528	0.784	↑	0.592	0.906	1.000	↑	0.643	0.586	0.780	↑
揭阳市	0.260	0.299	0.418	↑	0.323	0.733	1.000	↑	0.801	0.420	0.419	↓
湛江市	0.262	0.877	1.000	↑	0.258	0.887	1.000	↑	0.999	0.985	1.000	↑
北海市	0.755	0.670	0.684	↓	0.800	0.891	0.943	↑	0.941	0.760	0.715	↓
防城港市	0.645	0.558	0.521	↓	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	0.661	0.526	0.563	↓
钦州市	0.589	0.512	0.268	↓	1.000	1.000	0.678	↓	0.560	0.512	0.400	↓
海口市	0.440	0.136	0.205	↓	0.458	0.188	0.312	↑	0.946	0.752	0.650	↓
三亚市	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-	1.000	1.000	1.000	-

表2

图3

图4

参考文献 27

[1]	曹芳东, 黄震方, 吴江, 等. 城市旅游发展效率的时空格局演化特征及其驱动机制:以泛长江三角洲地区为例. 地理研究, 2012, 31(8): 1431-1444.
	[Cao Fangdong, Huang Zhenfang, Wu Jiang, et al.The space-time pattern evolution and its driving mechanism of urban tourism development efficiency: A case study of Pan-Yangze river delta. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(8): 1431-1444.]
[2]	Ganlin Huang, Weiqi Zhou, Saleem Ali.Spatial patterns and economic contributions of mining and tourism in biodiversity hotspots: A case study in China. Ecological Economics, 2011, 70(8): 1492-1498.
[3]	Haddad E A, Porsse A A, Rabahy W.Domestic tourism and regional inequality in Brazil. Tourism Economics, 2013, 19(1): 173-186.
[4]	Sheng L.Regional competition and sustainable development: A game theory model for tourism destinations. European Planning Studies, 2011, 19(4): 669-681.
[5]	史春云, 张宏磊, 朱明. 国内旅游线路模式的空间格局与特征分析. 经济地理, 2011, 31(11): 1918-1922.
	[Shi Chunyun, Zhang Honglei, Zhu Ming.Spatial structure and characters of domestic travel itineraries patterns. Economic Geography, 2011, 31(11): 1918-1922.]
[6]	韦智超, 牛亚菲, 陈田. 基于流域梯度差的旅游空间模型研究:兼论广西西江经济带旅游开发. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(10): 1321-1328.
	[Wei Zhichao, Niu Yafei, Chen Tian.Tourism spatial model study based on the gradient difference of river basin and tourism development in the Xijiang Economic Belt of Guangxi. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(10): 1321-1328.]
[7]	杨兴柱, 顾朝林, 王群, 等. 南京市内部旅游客流空间测度与模拟. 地理科学, 2011, 31(7): 802-809.
	[Yang Xingzhu, Gu Chaolin, Wang Qun, et al.Spatial measure and simulation of urban tourism flow in Nanjing city,China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(7): 802-809.]
[8]	宋鸿, 陈晓玲. 运用空间自相关分析中国入境旅游增长空间格局. 世界地理研究, 2006, 15(1): 99-106.
	[Song Hong, Chen Xiaoling.Application of spatial autocorrelation analysis to the spatial pattern of inbound tourism increase in China. World Regional Studies, 2006, 15(1): 99-106.]
[9]	乌铁红, 张捷, 李文杰, 等. 中国入境旅游经济发展水平的空间格局演变及成因:基于入境旅游经济区位熵的分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2009, 23(5): 189-194.
	[Wu Tiehong, Zhang Jie, Li Wenjie, et al.The spatial pattern evolution of the inbound tourism economic development level and the causes in China. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2009, 23(5): 189-194.]
[10]	陈浩, 陆林, 郑嬗婷. 珠江三角洲城市群旅游空间格局演化. 地理学报, 2011, 66(10): 1427-1437.
	[Chen Hao, Lu Lin, Zheng Shanting.The tourism spatial pattern evolution of the Pearl river delta. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10): 1427-1437.]
[11]	Aivaz K A, Vancea D P C. A study of the Black Sea tourism companies efficiency using envelope techniques. Transformations in Business & Economics, 2009, 8(3): 217-230.
[12]	Gossling S, Peeters P, Ceron J P, et al.The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics, 2005, 54(4): 417-434.
[13]	Hadad S, Hadad Y, Malul M, et al.The economic efficiency of the tourism industry: A global comparison. Tourism Economics, 2012, 18(5): 931-940.
[14]	Medina L F, Gomez I G, Marrero S M.Measuring efficiency of sun and beach tourism destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 2012, 39(2): 1248-1251.
[15]	梁明珠, 易婷婷. 广东省城市旅游效率评价与区域差异研究. 经济地理, 2012, 32(10): 158-164.
	[Liang Mingzhu, Yi Tingting.An evaluation and analysis of tourism efficiency in different cities and regions of Guangdong province. Economic Geography, 2012, 32(10): 158-164.]
[16]	马晓龙, 保继刚. 中国主要城市旅游效率的区域差异与空间格局. 人文地理, 2010, 25(1): 105-110.
	[Ma Xiaolong, Bao Jigang.Regional difference and spatial patterns of the tourism efficiency in Chinese primary tourism cities. Human Geography, 2010, 25(1): 105-110.]
[17]	路春燕, 白凯. 中国省域入境旅游吸引力空间耦合关系研究. 资源科学, 2011, 33(5): 905-911.
	[Lu Chunyan, Bai Kai.Spatial coupling relationship of the attraction of provincial inbound tourism in China. Resources Science, 2011, 33(5): 905-911.]
[18]	沈惊宏, 陆玉麒, 靳诚, 等. 区域旅游经济影响力的空间格局分析: 以安徽省为例. 地理与地理信息科学, 2012, 28(4): 83-87.
	[Shen Jinghong, Lu Yuqi, Jin Cheng, et al.Spatial pattern of influence sphere of regional tourism economy: A case study of Anhui. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2012, 28(4): 83-87.]
[19]	陈秀琼, 黄福才. 中国入境旅游的区域差异特征分析. 地理学报, 2006, 61(12): 1271-1280.
	[Chen Xiuqiong, Huang Fucai.Temporal change of regional disparity in Chinese inbound tourism. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(12): 1271-1280.]
[20]	汪德根, 陈田. 中国旅游经济区域差异的空间分析. 地理科学, 2011, 31(5): 528-536.
	[Wang Degen, Chen Tian.Spatial analysis for regional difference of tourism economy in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(5): 528-536.]
[21]	席建超, 甘萌雨, 吴普, 等. 中国入境游客旅游消费总体趋势与区域差异:1996-2005年. 地理研究, 2010, 29(4): 737-747.
	[Xi Jianchao, Gan Mengyu, Wu Pu, et al.The overall changes and regional differences of Chinese inbound tourists' tourism consumption: 1996-2005. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(4): 737-747.]
[22]	王凯, 李华, 贺曲夫. 我国旅游经济发展水平省际差异的空间分析. 地域研究与开发, 2007, 26(1): 63-67.
	[Wang Kai, Li Hua, He Qufu.An analysis of regional tourism developmental level disparities in China. Areal Research and Development, 2007, 26(1): 63-67.]
[23]	王云, 史春云, 林杰, 等. 江苏省农业旅游的时空格局与特征分析. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2012, (7): 13-17.
	[Wang Yun, Shi Chunyun, Lin Jie, et al.Analysis on the spatio-temporal pattern and characteristics of agricultural tourism in Jiangsu province. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2012, (7): 13-17.]
[24]	李创新, 马耀峰, 郑鹏, 等. 基于STSM的入境旅游流集散地域结构特征分析:以中国入境旅游六大典型区域为例. 地理科学, 2011, 31(5): 620-626.
	[Li Chuangxin, Ma Yaofeng, Zheng Peng, et al.Characters of regional structure of Chinese inbound tourism flows' concentration and diffusion based on spatial transferring state matrix: A case study of six typical areas of Chinese inbound tourism. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(5): 620-626.]
[25]	Rogerson C M.Urban tourism and regional tourists: Shopping in Johannesburg, South Africa. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 2011, 102(3): 316-330.
[26]	高楠, 马耀峰, 李天顺, 等. 1994年以来山西入境旅游区域差异特征及影响因素分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(1): 202-208.
	[Gao Nan, Ma Yaofeng, Li Tianshun, et al.An analysis of the characters and influence factors of regional discrepancy of Shanxi inbound tourism since 1994. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013, 27(1): 202-208.]
[27]	顾乃华, 李江帆. 中国服务业技术效率区域差异的实证分析. 经济研究, 2006, 41(1): 46-56.
	[Gu Naihua, Li Jiangfan.An empirical analysis on the regional disparity of technical efficiency realized in China's service industries. Economic Research Journal, 2006, 41(1): 46-56.]

地区	2002	2006	2011	变化趋势
环渤海地区	20.523	21.967	24.258	增加
长江三角洲地区	33.759	34.102	35.710	增加
珠江三角洲地区	31.462	29.526	26.587	降低
海峡西岸经济区	9.562	8.521	9.178	降低
环北部湾地区	3.325	4.879	4.963	增加