中国制造业节能潜力的区域及行业差异

doi:10.11821/dlyj201501010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过度依赖资源和能源消耗的发展特征使中国制造业具有较大节能空间。通过计算中国各区域、各省市制造业及其分行业的能源强度和节能潜力,分析了制造业节能潜力的区域差异和行业差异。研究显示:① 东中西部地区制造业的能源强度存在明显差异,且东部地区远低于中西部地区,但近几年区域间能源强度差距在逐步缩小,同时各区域内部不同省市间能源强度差距也在不断拉近。② 高于全国平均节能潜力水平的省份有17个,且主要集中在中西部地区,这些省市的平均节能潜力都在70%以上,说明中国大部分地区制造业节能空间很大。③ 高节能潜力的行业主要集中在对能源利用效率要求较高、产业前后向关联效应较强的行业。④ 虽然各省市制造业分行业节能潜力存在较大的区域差异,但石油加工及炼焦业、电子及通信设备制造业、专用设备制造业和化学纤维制造业的节能潜力在各地区排名都很靠前。⑤ 在制定节能政策和措施时,不但要根据各地区资源、能源禀赋及经济发展水平的不同而差别化对待,还要充分考虑行业间的差异。

关键词: 制造业, 能源强度, 节能潜力, 区域差异, 行业差异, 中国

Abstract:

The developmental characteristics of excessive dependence on resources and energy consumption make China's manufacturing industry have great energy-saving potentiality and space. Through calculating the energy intensity and energy-saving potentiality of manufacturing industry in various provinces and cities in China, this paper analyses the regional differences and industrial differences of the energy-saving potentiality of manufacturing. The result shows that: (1) There exist obvious differences of manufacturing energy intensity in eastern, central and western China, and the manufacturing energy intensity of the eastern region is much lower than that of the central and western regions. But regional energy intensity gaps have been gradually narrowing in recent years, at the same time, the gaps between different provinces and cities in an inland region have also been narrowed. (2) There are 17 provinces' energy-saving potentialities higher than the national average energy-saving potentiality, and mainly concentrated in central and western China, in these regions, the average energy-saving potentiality of each province is over 70%, which shows that the manufacturing energy-saving space is very large in most parts of China. (3) Most industries with high energy-saving potentiality have higher requirements for energy utilization efficiency and stronger industrial forward and backward linkage effects. (4) Although there is large difference in the energy-saving potentiality of sub-industries of manufacturing in different provinces and cities, the rankings of the energy-saving potentiality of petroleum processing and coking industry, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, special equipment manufacturing industry and chemical fiber manufacturing industry in various regions are all in front. (5) When making energy-saving policies and measures, the government should not only take concrete measures according to the differences of resources, energy endowment and economic development level of various provinces and cities, but also take full account of the differences between industries.

Key words: manufacturing industry, energy intensity, energy-saving potentiality, regional differences, industrial differences, China

王腊芳, 段文静, 赖明勇, 刘丽洁. 中国制造业节能潜力的区域及行业差异[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(1): 109-121.

Lafang WANG, Wenjing DUAN, Mingyong LAI, Lijie LIU. Study on the regional differences and industry differences of energy-saving potentiality in China's manufacturing industry[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(1): 109-121.

图/表 8

表1

2000-2012年中国各区域的制造业能源强度(吨标准煤/万元)"

	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	均值
全国	1.093	0.983	0.867	0.773	0.635	0.645	0.572	0.499	0.440	0.404	0.345	0.319	-	-
北京	0.893	0.759	0.691	0.589	0.464	0.351	0.294	0.246	0.212	0.186	0.127	0.128	0.117	0.389
天津	0.357	0.413	0.375	0.322	0.277	0.224	0.200	0.191	0.177	0.178	0.142	0.125	0.112	0.238
河北	-	-	-	1.495	1.464	1.143	1.093	0.999	0.836	0.732	0.632	0.596	0.225	0.922
辽宁	1.403	1.511	1.274	1.105	0.986	0.944	0.768	1.264	0.480	0.741	0.695	0.675	0.631	0.960
福建	0.336	0.313	0.284	0.233	0.288	0.204	0.187	0.218	0.203	0.195	0.190	0.167	0.160	0.229
山东	0.443	0.453	0.353	0.784	0.657	0.490	0.460	0.403	0.335	0.285	0.328	0.329	0.287	0.431
广东	0.458	0.425	0.388	0.333	0.283	0.274	0.258	0.240	0.214	0.211	0.186	0.180	0.174	0.279
山西	4.833	5.483	5.497	4.800	4.126	3.917	3.553	3.010	2.925	2.750	2.341	2.163	1.935	3.641
吉林	0.948	0.851	0.760	0.772	0.734	1.344	1.184	0.869	0.797	0.620	0.502	0.485	0.566	0.803
黑龙江	-	-	-	1.636	0.884	0.882	0.953	0.896	0.744	0.776	0.628	0.571	0.520	0.849
安徽	2.190	1.428	1.162	1.157	1.150	1.147	0.879	0.851	0.703	0.502	0.452	0.361	0.314	0.946
江西	1.666	1.469	1.238	1.202	1.085	1.103	0.904	0.743	0.634	0.543	0.431	0.406	0.359	0.906
湖北	0.534	0.515	0.505	0.498	0.534	0.721	0.576	0.420	0.344	0.298	0.232	0.202	0.178	0.428
湖南	-	1.869	1.420	1.505	1.359	1.004	0.910	0.741	0.587	0.481	0.372	0.448	-	0.972
内蒙古	3.240	3.086	2.633	2.314	1.620	2.050	2.286	2.141	1.858	1.476	1.212	1.323	1.229	2.036
重庆	0.966	0.897	0.778	0.643	0.735	0.559	0.486	0.419	0.394	0.318	0.273	0.234	0.221	0.532
贵州	4.111	3.612	2.964	3.200	2.776	2.706	2.537	2.340	2.475	2.253	2.033	1.793	1.736	2.657
云南	1.841	1.842	1.898	1.807	1.853	2.000	1.830	1.656	1.483	1.513	1.346	1.309	1.228	1.662
广西	2.094	2.304	2.027	1.838	1.586	1.805	1.635	1.379	1.302	1.036	0.876	0.767	0.642	1.484
陕西	1.618	1.690	1.681	1.404	0.941	0.979	0.909	0.752	0.678	0.594	0.512	0.475	0.453	0.976
甘肃	2.541	1.780	1.592	2.189	2.432	2.421	2.349	2.073	1.957	1.758	1.596	1.516	1.361	1.967
青海	4.293	4.392	3.937	3.818	4.079	2.517	3.917	3.445	2.484	2.594	2.440	2.252	2.210	3.260
宁夏	4.023	3.324	3.835	4.073	4.142	3.191	3.006	3.355	1.982	1.795	1.601	1.735	1.600	2.897
新疆	2.348	2.165	2.120	2.049	2.050	2.504	2.751	2.492	2.375	2.310	2.157	2.367	-	2.307

表1

图1

表2

中国制造业分行业能源强度 (吨标准煤/万元)"

	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	均值
行业1	0.461	0.430	0.395	0.298	0.252	0.243	0.213	0.192	0.173	0.146	0.116	0.103	0.252
行业2	0.732	0.654	0.573	0.436	0.350	0.349	0.307	0.255	0.231	0.198	0.160	0.138	0.365
行业3	0.457	0.433	0.416	0.379	0.347	0.317	0.276	0.217	0.194	0.167	0.133	0.114	0.288
行业4	0.209	0.190	0.162	0.147	0.109	0.098	0.087	0.072	0.057	0.052	0.043	0.045	0.106
行业5	0.603	0.553	0.511	0.484	0.416	0.417	0.406	0.358	0.311	0.278	0.242	0.237	0.401
行业6	0.152	0.145	0.136	0.126	0.107	0.114	0.106	0.093	0.078	0.070	0.063	0.060	0.104
行业7	1.427	1.290	1.236	1.053	0.834	0.850	0.750	0.579	0.540	0.499	0.395	0.353	0.817
行业8	1.630	1.714	1.641	1.643	1.715	1.482	1.453	1.392	1.351	1.446	1.310	1.269	1.504
行业9	2.492	2.265	2.174	2.056	1.691	1.740	1.523	1.328	1.179	0.955	0.861	0.824	1.591
行业10	0.345	0.295	0.257	0.225	0.180	0.267	0.233	0.188	0.170	0.142	0.124	0.107	0.211
行业11	1.515	1.679	1.594	1.121	0.652	0.533	0.465	0.402	0.381	0.355	0.314	0.277	0.774
行业12	3.728	3.294	2.744	2.671	2.057	2.329	1.970	1.535	1.355	1.205	0.973	0.909	2.064
行业13	4.006	3.467	3.141	2.820	2.346	2.493	2.288	2.088	1.947	1.864	1.679	1.527	2.472
行业14	1.871	1.703	1.655	1.549	1.188	1.162	1.043	1.048	0.907	0.778	0.752	0.725	1.198
行业15	0.477	0.474	0.468	0.448	0.331	0.372	0.335	0.277	0.239	0.217	0.210	0.184	0.336
行业16	0.411	0.378	0.339	0.281	0.176	0.208	0.181	0.150	0.122	0.118	0.101	0.103	0.214
行业17	0.395	0.364	0.305	0.260	0.208	0.217	0.184	0.154	0.120	0.106	0.093	0.079	0.207
行业18	0.280	0.249	0.205	0.149	0.137	0.117	0.098	0.081	0.074	0.066	0.061	0.058	0.131
行业19	0.134	0.120	0.124	0.111	0.092	0.086	0.079	0.071	0.065	0.058	0.053	0.050	0.087
行业20	0.092	0.078	0.066	0.056	0.045	0.041	0.038	0.036	0.034	0.033	0.030	0.026	0.048
行业21	0.181	0.172	0.165	0.123	0.068	0.065	0.060	0.054	0.051	0.051	0.048	0.037	0.090

表2

表3

表4

2000-2012年中国23个省市制造业的平均节能潜力"

分类	取值范围(%)	地区(%)	数量
低节能潜力	$≤$ 10	天津(3.81)	1
中低节能潜力	(10, 50]	广东(17.89)、北京(41.12)、湖北(46.44)、山东(46.9)	4
中高节能潜力	(50, 70]	重庆(56.99)	1
高节能潜力	(70, 90]	吉林(71.47)、黑龙江(73.03)、江西(74.73)、河北(75.15)、安徽(75.79)、辽宁(76.14)、湖南(76.45)、陕西(76.53)、广西(84.57)、云南(86.22)、甘肃(88.36)、内蒙古(88.75)	12
最高节能潜力	$>$ 90	新疆(90.08)、贵州(91.38)、宁夏(92.10)、青海(92.98)、山西(93.71)	5

表4

表5

表6

表7

各地区制造业节能潜力排名前五位的行业"

地区	行业
北京	石油加工及炼焦业,纺织服装制造业,烟草制品业,交通运输设备制造业,专用设备制造业
天津	石油加工及炼焦业,烟草制品业,纺织服装制造业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,专用设备制造业
辽宁	石油加工及炼焦业,化学纤维制造业,电子及通信设备制造业,专用设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业
福建	石油加工及炼焦业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业,医药制造业,造纸及纸制品业
山东	石油加工及炼焦业,纺织服装制造业,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业, 电子及通信设备制造业
广东	石油加工及炼焦业,电子及通信设备制造业,纺织服装制造业,专用设备制造业,农副食品加工业
山西	石油加工及炼焦业,电子及通信设备制造业,化学纤维制造业,纺织服装制造业,金属制品业
吉林	石油加工及炼焦业,电子及通信设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,专用设备制造业,化学纤维制造业
安徽	石油加工及炼焦业,化学纤维制造业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,电子及通信设备制造业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业
江西	石油加工及炼焦业,电子及通信设备制造业,专用设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,化学纤维制造业
湖北	交通运输设备制造业,专用设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,电子及通信设备制造业,化学纤维制造业
湖南	石油加工及炼焦业,电子及通信设备制造业,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业, 化学原料及化学制品制造业
内蒙古	石油加工及炼焦业,化学纤维制造业,电子及通信设备制造业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,金属制品业
重庆	石油加工及炼焦业,专用设备制造业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,化学纤维制造业,非金属矿物制品业
贵州	石油加工及炼焦业,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,电子及通信设备制造业,纺织服装制造业,金属制品业
云南	石油加工及炼焦业,、食品制造业,纺织服装制造业,金属制品业,电子及通信设备制造业
陕西	电子及通信设备制造业,石油加工及炼焦业,金属制品业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,专用设备制造业
甘肃	电子及通信设备制造业,交通运输设备制造业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业,石油加工及炼焦业,专用设备制造业
青海	石油加工及炼焦业,专用设备制造业,电子及通信设备制造业,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业,仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业
宁夏	石油加工及炼焦业,专用设备制造业,化学原料及化学制品制造业,交通运输设备制造业,金属制品业
新疆	电子及通信设备制造业,石油加工及炼焦业,专用设备制造业,金属制品业,纺织服装制造业

表7

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分类	取值范围(%)	行业(%)	数量
低节能潜力	(≤5)	仪器仪表及文化、办公用机械制造业(-0.093)、专用设备制造业(1.54)、饮料制造业(1.78)、医药制造业(2.25)、食品制造业(2.82)、金属制品业(3.92)、电子及通信设备制造业(4.54)、农副食品加工业(4.75)、化学纤维制造业(4.96)	9
中节能潜力	(5~10)	造纸及纸制品业(6.1)、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业(7.63)、电气机械及器材制造业(9.91)	3
高节能潜力	(≥10)	非金属矿物制品业(10.05)、交通运输设备制造业(10.46)、纺织服装制造业(11.66)、化学原料及化学制品制造业(12.29)、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业(12.88)、石油加工及炼焦业(13.24)、纺织业(14.29)、烟草制品业(18.00)、通用设备制造业(18.35)	9