近20年中国阿尔泰山区冰川湖泊对区域气候变化响应的时空特征

doi:10.11821/dlyj201502007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以1992年、2002年、2013年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像为基础,人工解译阿尔泰山区三期冰湖边界与类型,叠置获取由SRTM DEM派生的流域、海拔、坡向属性,分析冰湖的时空分布与变化特征,探讨影响该区冰湖演化的因素。研究表明：① 目前该区共有冰湖1147片,总面积101.63 km²。近20年冰湖总体数量增多、面积增大。② 冰川侵蚀湖与冰碛阻塞湖对气候变化的响应不同。③ 随着气温升高,冰川侵蚀湖水量盈亏峰值上升至更高海拔,冰碛阻塞湖变化愈不稳定。④ 西风环流对该区冰湖影响深远,偏西向坡面降水量充足,故偏西向冰川侵蚀湖总体变化量小,而偏西向冰碛阻塞湖则在收入持续大于支出的情况下不断扩张。⑤ 相对于中国西部其他高山高原区,该区海拔低,冰湖对气候变化响应十分敏感,各空间单元中冰湖收入与支出水量多少受气温升高与降水减少幅度的影响大。

关键词: 气候变化, 冰川湖泊, 遥感, 空间分析, 阿尔泰山

Abstract:

Glacial lakes of the Altay Mountains in China during the past 20 years were interpreted and classified based on the remote sensing images of Landsat TM(1992)/ETM+(2002)/OLI(2013) respectively, with properties including basin, altitude and slope gained from SRTM DEM by spatial overlay analysis in GIS. The features of temporal-spatial distribution and variation of glacial lakes during 1992-2013 and factors which impacted the evolution of glacial lakes in this area were discussed. The results indicate that: (1) there were 1147 glacial lakes in the Altay Mountains of China in 2013, with a total area of 101.628 km², and both the number and area of glacial lakes increased during the past two decades. (2) The responses of ice-scour lakes and moraine-dammed lakes to climate change were totally different. (3) With temperature rising, the peak of profit and loss of ice-scour lakes reached a higher altitude, and the variation of moraine-dammed lakes became more unstable. (4) Westerly circulation had a significant influence on the glacial lakes, the precipitation on the west-facing slope was sufficient, therefore the west-facing ice-scour lakes varied little, while the west-facing moraine-dammed lakes kept expanding as the profit constantly overmatched the loss. (5) Owing to the lower elevation, glacial lakes in this region were sensitive to climate change than other alpine-plateau areas in western China over the past two decades, both surplus and deficit of water were of high quantity, resulting in few net increment after lake water balance. (6) The magnitude of temperature rise and precipitation reduction during 1992-2002 were larger compared with the period 2002-2013, and the quantity of water surplus and deficit of glacial lakes in spatial units of each size was greater compared with the 2002-2013 period. There is a positive correlation between water surplus and deficit of glacial lakes and the range of temperature rise and precipitation reduction.

Key words: climate change, glacial lakes, remote sensing, spatial analysis, the Altay Mountains of China

陈晨, 郑江华, 刘永强, 许仲林. 近20年中国阿尔泰山区冰川湖泊对区域气候变化响应的时空特征[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(2): 270-284.

Chen CHEN, Jianghua ZHENG, Yongqiang LIU, Zhonglin XU. The response of glacial lakes in the Altay Mountains of China to climate change during 1992-2013[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(2): 270-284.

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年份	冰湖总数量（片）	冰湖总面积（km²）	冰川侵蚀湖				冰碛阻塞湖
年份	冰湖总数量（片）	冰湖总面积（km²）	数量（片）	占总数量比例（%）	面积（km²）	占总面积比例（%）	数量（片）	占总数量比例（%）	面积（km²）	占总数量比例（%）
1992	1063	99.38	688	64.7	28.66	28.9	375	35.3	70.68	71.1
2002	1120	100.19	741	66.2	29.42	29.5	379	33.8	70.67	70.5
2013	1147	101.63	774	67.5	29.83	29.4	373	32.5	71.73	70.6

研究区	所属山系	时间段（年）	前一期面积(km²)	后一期面积(km²)	面积变化(km²)	年平均面积变化(km²/a)	面积变化率 (%)	年平均面积变化率/(%/a)	文献来源
中国阿尔泰山	阿尔泰山	1992-2013	99.383	101.628	2.245	0.107	2.3	0.11	本研究
北天山	天山	1990-2010	15.890	19.195	3.305	0.165	20.8	1.04	[26]
西天山		1990-2010	7.373	9.145	1.772	0.089	24.03	1.2	[26]
中央天山		1990-2010	37.378	39.045	1.667	0.083	4.46	0.22	[26]
东天山		1990-2010	22.075	29.119	7.044	0.352	31.91	1.60	[26]
然乌湖流域	念青唐古拉山	1980-2005	29.790	33.270	3.480	0.139	11.68	0.47	[23]
帕隆藏布江上游		1988-2005	7.030	7.210	0.180	0.011	2.56	0.15	[24]
念青唐古拉山西段		1991-2009	5.350	7.177	1.827	0.102	34.15	1.90	[25]
希夏邦马峰东坡	喜马拉雅山	1977-2003	3.720	7.480	3.760	0.145	101.08	3.89	[19]
朋曲流域		1980-2001	42.032	47.509	5.477	0.261	13.03	0.62	[16]
波曲流域		1987-2001	12.014	17.606	5.592	0.399	46.55	3.32	[18]
洛扎地区		1980-2007	9.970	13.05	3.080	0.114	30.89	1.14	[20]
中国喜马拉雅山西段		1970-2008	38.554	52.793	14.239	0.375	36.93	0.97	[12]
中国喜马拉雅山中段		1970-2008	69.228	90.574	21.346	0.562	30.83	0.81	[12]
中国喜马拉雅山东段		1970-2008	58.698	71.932	13.234	0.348	22.55	0.59	[12]

水系	流域	年份	冰湖数量（片）	数量净变化（片）	数量变化比例（%）	冰湖面积（km²）	面积净变化（hm²）	面积变化比例（%）
额尔齐斯河	哈巴河	1992	30	7	23.3	0.60	1.4	2.3
	哈巴河	2013	37	7	23.3	0.62	1.4	2.3
	布尔津河	1992	711	52	7.3	85.68	147.2	1.7
	布尔津河	2013	763	52	7.3	87.15	147.2	1.7
	克兰河	1992	41	4	9.8	2.34	15.9	6.8
	克兰河	2013	45	4	9.8	2.50	15.9	6.8
	喀拉额尔齐斯河	1992	54	2	3.7	2.28	-8.4	-3.7
	喀拉额尔齐斯河	2013	56	2	3.7	2.20	-8.4	-3.7
	喀依尔特河	1992	163	24	14.7	4.51	33.1	7.3
	喀依尔特河	2013	187	24	14.7	4.84	33.1	7.3
科布多河	科布多河	1992	5	0	0.0	0.38	-1.7	-4.5
科布多河	科布多河	2013	5	0	0.0	0.36	-1.7	-4.5
乌伦古河	大青格里河	1992	59	-5	-8.5	3.59	37.2	10.4
乌伦古河	大青格里河	2013	54	-5	-8.5	3.96	37.2	10.4