临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201504011

地理研究 ›› 2015, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 729-739.doi: 10.11821/dlyj201504011

临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例

马仁锋^1,^2,^3,⁴(), 王美¹, 张文忠^2,³, 余建辉^2,³, 王益澄¹, 任丽燕¹

1. 宁波大学城市科学系, 宁波 315211
2. 中国科学院区域可持续分析与模拟重点实验室, 北京 100101
3. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101
4. 浙江省海洋文化与经济研究中心, 宁波 315211

收稿日期:2014-10-14 修回日期:2015-01-27 出版日期:2015-04-10 发布日期:2015-04-10
作者简介:
作者简介：马仁锋(1979- ),男,博士,讲师,主要从事经济地理与城市规划研究。E-mail: marfxf@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41230632,41301110,41201169,71203108,41361027);中国博士后科学基金项目(2013M541027);浙江省社科规划项目(13JDHY01Z,11JCGL13YB);宁波市社会科学学科带头人培育项目(G15-XK05)

Residents' perceptions of the impact on urban human settlements from petrochemical industry cluster in port area: Case study of Zhenhai district

Renfeng MA^1,^2,^3,⁴(), Mei WANG¹, Wenzhong ZHANG^2,³, Jianhui YU^2,³, Yicheng WANG¹, Liyan REN¹

1. Department of Urban Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
2.Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, CAS, Beijing 100101,China
3.Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,China
4. Research Center for Ocean Culture and Economic, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China

Received:2014-10-14 Revised:2015-01-27 Online:2015-04-10 Published:2015-04-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沿海港口地区大量地集聚化工企业,导致生态环境型邻避冲突在滨海港口城市不断涌现。利用问卷调查、半结构访谈对镇海居民入户抽样,调查石化企业集聚对人居环境影响的居民感知。结果表明：① 石化企业集聚的潜在危险与环境排放构成的居住安全、环境污染是集聚区环境外部性的首要负外部性,是影响城市人居环境的重要方面;② 本地居民认知的石化集聚区环境外部性对人居环境影响的空间特征符合地理学第一定律,且青年、中青年、老年群体的感知差异初现文化集团性;③ 初步证实人居环境是有效刻画城市产业空间组织及其环境外部性的综合媒介,将成为政府破解“环境抗争事件”和城市产业升级的着力点。研究成果为深入理解城市产业功能区升级与城镇人居环境建设需求及阶层偏好提供了案例,同时对指导城市产业空间优化与宜居城市建设具有重要的现实意义。

关键词: 石化企业集聚, 环境外部性, 人居环境, 居民主观认知

Abstract:

Conflicts as NIMBY (not in my Backyard) from chemical plants clusters have become a major concern for some port cities. There is an urgent need to diagnose the externality stem from petrochemical industry and the influence on human settlements in neighboring areas, so as to optimize urban spatial planning and thus mitigate man-nature contradiction. Aiming to evaluate the residents' perception to the impact of petrochemical industry cluster on human settlements in Zhenhai district, with the methods of questionnaire survey and semi-structure interview, this research discussed residents’ perception and its spatial differentiation about relationship between environmental effect caused by petrochemical industry cluster in port area and human settlements in detail. The result revealed that: (1)Statistics from questionnaire survey of residents' perception indicated that the residents' satisfaction about physical health, industrial emissions, air pollution, sewage discharge and disposal hold extremely low level; the security of community and environmental pollution relating to the potential harm and environmental emissions from the cluster of chemical industry were the most responsible factor for the negative environment externality and a predominant factor impact on urban human settlements as well. (2) The research was not only consistent with Tobler's First Law of Geography, which reflected how the residents perceive the environment externality with various chemical industry impact on human settlements in spatial differentiation, but also disclosed that the spatial optimization of urban industry shall take both industrial development foundation and nature suitability into account. On the other hand, there was a perceptive difference among the old, middle-aged and young people, which was manifested by education groups. With long-term residence near petrochemical industry cluster area, the environmental perception of people was characterized by changing of time series, hence the perception of old folk was more objective; On the contrary, due to shorter livelihood time and influenced extensively by various moderately disseminated environment issues, the environmental perception of middle-aged and youth was subjective and ambivalent. (3) This research preliminarily verified that the residents' perception of human settlements mirrored the pros and cons of urban industry spatial organization to a certain extent and inspire some ideas to problems. In other words, "human settlement" could act as a comprehensive medium to vividly portray the urban industry spatial organization and environmental externality that as a key point to crack the issue of environment contention and update urban industry. This paper provides a good case to deeply understand the upgrade of urban industry functional zone, the requirement of urban human settlement development, and the preference of different hierarchies. Meanwhile, it also offers a practical significance to guide the optimizing urban industry spatial distribution and developing livable city.

Key words: petrochemical industry cluster, environmental externality, human settlement, residents' perception

马仁锋, 王美, 张文忠, 余建辉, 王益澄, 任丽燕. 临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(4): 729-739.

Renfeng MA, Mei WANG, Wenzhong ZHANG, Jianhui YU, Yicheng WANG, Liyan REN. Residents' perceptions of the impact on urban human settlements from petrochemical industry cluster in port area: Case study of Zhenhai district[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(4): 729-739.

图/表 10

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潜变量	观测变量	代码	潜变量	观测变量	代码	潜变量	观测变量	代码
环境怡人	工业排放等空气污染及治理情况	V₁	城市经济活力	带动经济发展	V₁₀		石化等突发事件应急	V₁₉
	污水排放和水污染及治理情况	V₂		增加就业机会	V₁₁		居民身体健康	V₂₀
	工厂噪音	V₃		加快本地城镇建设	V₁₂	生活设施便利	城市交通的方便性	V₂₁
	固体垃圾污染及处理情况	V₄		提高个人收入	V₁₃		教育设施	V₂₂
	土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况	V₅		改善居住条件	V₁₄		医疗设施	V₂₃
	自然景观	V₆		吸引更多的投资	V₁₅		文化娱乐设施	V₂₄
	人文景观	V₇	居住安全感	社会治安状况	V₁₆		电话通讯	V₂₅
	街道景观	V₈		危化车等交通安全	V₁₇	用电状况		V₂₆
	城市清洁度	V₉		食品安全性	V₁₈	商业服务设施及质量		V₂₇

		样本数	比例(%)			样本数	比例(%)			样本数	比例(%)
性别	男	127	48.85		初中及以下	40	15.39		缺失	5	1.92
	女	127	48.85		缺失	3	1.15	个人月收入	3000元以下	123	47.31
	缺失	6	2.30	居住	自有房	137	52.69	个人月收入	3000~5000元	40	15.39
年龄	30岁以下	29	11.15	居住	工厂集体宿舍	84	32.31	5000元以上		97	37.31
	30~40岁	38	14.62	租赁		33	12.69	就业企业性质	国有企业	66	25.39
	41~50岁	131	50.39	缺失		6	2.31		外资企业	74	28.46
	51~60岁	52	20.00	户口地	镇海区	168	64.62		本土私营企业	116	44.62
	60岁以上	8	3.08		宁波非镇海	12	4.62	缺失		4	1.54
	缺失	2	0.77		浙江非宁波	31	11.92	就业行业	石化工业	126	48.46
学历	研究生	8	3.08		省外	45	17.31	就业行业	废旧金属拆解业	104	40.00
	本科	130	50.00	缺失		4	1.54	服务业		29	11.15
	专科	28	10.77	就业地点	石化区内	116	44.62	缺失		1	0.39
	高中	51	19.63	就业地点	非石化区内	139	53.46

系统层	子系统层	指标层	指标权重
居民感知度	环境怡人满意度/0.31	工业排放等空气污染及治理情况污水排放和水污染及治理情况工厂噪音固体垃圾污染及处理情况土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况自然景观人文景观街道景观城市清洁度	0.22 0.25 0.11 0.09 0.21 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02
	城市经济活力满意度/0.29	带动经济发展增加就业机会加快本地城镇建设提高个人收入改善居住条件吸引更多的投资	0.19 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.05
	居住安全满意度/0.32	社会治安状况危化车等交通安全状况食品安全性石化等突发事件应对能力居民身体健康	0.13 0.22 0.17 0.28 0.20
	生活设施便利满意度/0.08	城市交通的方便快捷性教育设施医疗设施文化娱乐设施电话通讯用电状况商业服务设施及质量	0.15 0.12 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.16

指标	得分频数（%）					平均值	得分
指标	5			4	3	2	1
工业排放等空气污染及治理情况	0	2.7	10	30.8	56.6	1.59	31.8
污水排放和水污染及治理情况	0.8	3.8	13.1	32.7	49.6	1.735	34.7
工厂噪音	1.9	8.5	38.5	31.2	20.0	2.414	48.28
固体垃圾污染及处理情况	1.2	6.2	32.3	27.3	33.1	2.154	43.08
土壤、沿海滩涂污染及处理情况	0.8	3.1	33.8	29.2	33.1	2.093	41.86
自然景观	0.8	18.5	56.9	16.2	7.7	2.888	57.76
人文景观	1.5	18.8	60.8	13.1	5.8	2.971	59.42
城市景观	2.3	18.8	53.8	17.7	7.3	2.908	58.16
城市清洁度	2.3	17.3	35.4	24.2	20.8	2.561	51.22
带动经济发展	1.9	30.4	52.7	8.1	6.9	3.123	62.46
增加就业机会	1.5	25.8	57.3	8.8	6.5	3.067	61.34
加快本地城镇建设	2.3	23.1	53.5	14.2	6.9	2.997	59.94
提高个人收入	1.2	13.5	49.6	21.9	13.8	2.664	53.28
改善居住条件	1.5	7.7	39.2	31.9	19.6	2.393	47.86
吸引更多的投资	1.5	15.4	62.7	11.9	8.5	2.895	57.9
社会治安状况	1.5	23.5	29.6	28.5	16.9	2.642	52.84
危化车等交通安全状况	0.8	10.4	41.9	24.6	22.3	2.428	48.56
食品安全性	0.0	10.0	30.0	28.5	31.5	2.185	43.7
石化等突发事件应对能力	0.8	5.4	33.1	25.8	35.0	2.115	42.3
居民身体健康	0.4	4.6	24.6	18.5	52.9	1.841	36.82
城市交通的方便快捷性	2.7	25.0	46.2	16.5	9.6	2.947	58.94
教育设施	4.2	33.5	45.4	9.2	7.7	3.173	63.46
医疗设施	3.5	20.0	45.8	21.9	8.8	2.875	57.5
文化娱乐设施	2.3	21.9	55.0	13.1	7.7	2.98	59.6
电话通讯	5.4	46.9	38.1	5.4	4.2	3.439	68.78
用电状况	5.8	46.5	37.7	5.4	4.6	3.435	68.7
商业服务设施及质量	1.2	23.1	58.1	11.5	6.2	3.019	60.38

等级	一级	二级	三级	四级	五级
满意度得分	90≤C≤100	80≤C<90	60≤C<80	40≤C<60	C<40
满意程度	满意度很高	满意度较高	满意度一般	满意度较低	满意度很低

临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知——宁波镇海案例

Residents' perceptions of the impact on urban human settlements from petrochemical industry cluster in port area: Case study of Zhenhai district

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名次	建议	频率
1	减少污染排放	22
2	重视居民健康	12
4	公布宁波石化经济技术开发区排污指标	10
3	搬迁宁波石化经济技术开发区	9
5	政府加强监管职能	6
6	加强居民心理层面引导	5
7	加强教育、医疗建设	3
8	提供就业机会	2

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