北京城市居住环境类型区的识别与评价

doi:10.11821/dlyj201507012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于北京数字城市要素平台的空间集成数据和问卷调查数据,将居住环境的客观指标和居民主观评价相结合,以北京为典型案例,首先运用因子生态分析等方法识别出居住环境类型区,然后采用以居民个体感受作为依据的价值化评价方法,明确不同居住环境类型区的问题,最后总结北京城市居住环境类型的空间格局。研究发现,北京城区可分为内城异质性居住区、内城同质性居住区、近郊职住混合区、近郊高密度居住区、远郊职住混合区和远郊低可达性居住区等六类居住环境类型区,其空间结构同时体现了同心圆、扇形和多核心等特征。居民对不同居住环境类型区的评价存在显著差异,整体上从内城到郊区满意度逐级降低。最后提出改善北京居住环境的建议。

关键词: 居住环境类型区, 识别, 评价, 北京

Abstract:

Residential environment is closely related to people's basic living conditions, such as dwelling, daily trip, shopping, medical care, school attendance and environmental quality. In recent years, residential environment has become a great concern for residents, scholars and governments at all levels. For example, the central government proposed: "the living space should be livable and proper in size" in the report of 18th Party Congress last year. Besides, the Beijing government set "livable city" as one of its development goals in 2004. However, improving residential environment and building livable city require a deep understanding of residential environment types, including their status quo, characteristics and problems. The paper, taking Beijing city as a research case, studies the types of its residential environment from a comprehensive way using both objective and subjective methods. The objective data comes from "Digital Beijing" database and the fifth national census, while the subjective data comes from a large-scale residential survey. The paper uses "Jiedao" as a basic research unit and employs factor ecology method to identify six residential types. Then it uses respondents' satisfaction level as an evaluation indicator to find out major problems of each residential environment type. The results indicate that Beijing city can be identified as six types: heterogeneous inner-city districts; homogenous inner-city districts; mix land-use suburban districts; high-density suburban districts; mix land-use exurban districts; and developing exurban districts. The spatial organization of these residential types reflects the spatial attributes of concentric circles, sectors and multi-nuclear patterns at the same time. Residents' evaluation varies greatly among the six types. The most obvious feature is the inclining satisfaction level from urban center to suburbs. Residents are satisfied with the heterogeneous inner-city districts, while they exhibit a quite low satisfaction level with developing exurban districts because of the low accessibility performance. Furthermore, their ratings for mix land-use districts are also at a low level due to the pollution and crowding problems. This paper will not only improve the understanding of the pattern of residential environment, but also inform government policies guiding public facilities provision, urban space construction and residents' migration.

Key words: residential environment type, identification, evaluation, Beijing

谌丽, 张文忠, 李业锦, 党云晓, 余建辉. 北京城市居住环境类型区的识别与评价[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(7): 1331-1342.

Li CHEN, Wenzhong ZHANG, Yejin LI, Yunxiao DANG, Jianhui YU. Identification and evaluation of residential environment types in Beijing city[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(7): 1331-1342.

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分类	指标	指标解释	数据来源
实体环境	街道连通性	支路的平均路口距离,距离越近,越有利于居民步行,增加户外活动和邻里交流	北京市交通路网(2003)
	容积率	街道内小区的容积率均值,适度的容积率有利于增强城市紧凑性;容积率过高导致交通拥堵、热岛效应	网上数据抓取(2008)
	用地匹配度	街道内就业用地与居住用地的比值,如果过高或过低说明职住分离,导致通勤时间过长、交通拥堵等	北京市用地现状图(2004)
社会环境	年龄多样性	通过街道内不同属性人口比例计算辛普森多样性指数。社会多元化有助于创造更宽容和稳定的社会环境,促进社区参与邻里交流	北京市第五次人口普查数据(2000)
	家庭类型多样性
	教育程度多样性
设施环境	交通设施可达性	居民1000 m生活圈内服务设施数量。数量越多,服务设施可达性越好	北京市服务设施分布图(2003)
	教育设施可达性
	医疗设施可达性
	商业中心可达性
	休闲设施可达性
	餐饮设施可达性

主因子	初始特征值				旋转平方和载入
主因子	特征根		解释方差百分比(%)	累计百分比(%)	特征根	解释方差百分比(%)	累计百分比(%)
1	5.769	48.07	48.07		5.375	44.79	44.79
2	1.497	12.48	60.55		1.658	13.81	58.61
3	1.385	11.54	72.09		1.389	11.57	70.18
4	0.865	7.21	79.30		1.094	9.11	79.30

	成分
	因子1	因子2	因子3	因子4
交通设施可达性	0.930	0.092	0.116	0.145
教育设施可达性	0.925	-0.128	-0.062	0.149
医疗设施可达性	0.899	-0.037	-0.059	0.183
商业中心可达性	0.884	0.100	-0.084	0.207
休闲设施可达性	0.675	0.221	0.226	-0.041
餐饮设施可达性	0.900	0.126	-0.085	0.204
年龄多样性	-0.150	0.132	0.912	-0.085
家庭类型多样性	0.219	-0.513	0.603	0.295
教育程度多样性	0.407	0.708	0.319	-0.026
街道连通性	-0.700	-0.443	0.000	0.088
容积率	0.003	0.742	-0.077	0.282
用地匹配度	-0.268	-0.167	-0.005	-0.865

主指标	分指标	主指标	分指标
生活方便性	日常购物设施	人文环境舒适度	居住区邻里关系状况
	非日常购物设施		居住区物业管理水平
	餐饮设施		建筑景观的美感与协调
	医疗设施		周边社区文化与氛围
	休闲娱乐设施		周边区域特色与价值认可
	儿童游乐设施	出行便捷度	公交设施的利用
	教育设施		交通拥堵情况
安全性	治安状况		工作学习通勤便利程度
	交通安全状况	生活出行便利程度
	防灾宣传管理	到市中心的便利程度
	应急避难场所	健康性	汽车尾气排放产生的污染
自然环境舒适度	周边公园绿地绿带	健康性	扬尘工业等空气污染
	居住区内绿化	雨污水排放和水污染
	居住区内清洁	道路和工厂噪音
	公用空地活动场所	商店和学校等生活噪音
	空间开敞性与建筑物密度	垃圾堆弃产生的污染

属性	特征	比例(%)	属性	特征	比例(%)
年龄	30岁以下	43.2	家庭构成	单身	19.1
	30~49岁	45.8		两口之家	16.1
	50岁及以上	11.0		三口之家	53.0
性别	男	49.6		四口之家	8.3
性别	女	50.4	五口之家及以上		3.5
家庭收入	3000元以下	26.7	学历	初中及以下	7.6
	3000~4999元	38.2		高中	27.0
	5000~9999元	27.3		大专本科	59.6
	1万~2万元	6.8		研究生及以上	5.9
	2万元以上	1.0