中国城市分布特征及其影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlyj201507014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过对221 BC-1911 AD年间中国城市分布特征及其影响因素的研究,发现：① 在整个研究阶段,中国城市分布的重心位于中东部地区,秦—唐时期重心向西南地区大幅移动,唐—元时期重心先东北方向移动后转向西南方向,元—清时期重心主要向北移动。以腾冲—瑷珲一线为界线分区研究发现,在整个研究阶段西部重心在南北及东西方向呈现出较大的波动趋势,东部重心呈现出与全国类似的运动轨迹。② 标准差椭圆分析表明全国及东西部地区城市分布经历了明显的分散—集聚—分散的变化趋势,其中西部地区最为明显。从城市分布的平均方向看,全国及东部地区具有一定的相似性,均以东北—西南为主要分布特征,西部地区是以西北—东南为主要分布特征。③ 从城市密度分布特征看,其空间连续性和自组织性不断加强且由空间相关性引起的结构性变异处于显著状态。从方向上来看,全方向上的均质化程度呈下降趋势,西北—东南方向各时期城市密度均质化程度相对较好,空间差异相对较小,而东—西方向差异最为明显。④ 分析不同时期城市设置的相关因素发现,221 BC-1911 AD年间,中国城市设置相对集中在地形平坦、气候适中且靠近河流及中心城市的地区。

关键词: 地学视角, 城市分布, 中国

Abstract:

This paper aims to examine the distribution of cities in China during 221 BC-1911 AD and its influencing factors. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) the urban distribution gravity center of China during the entire study stage was located in the central and eastern regions and firstly, moved sharply southwestward from the Qin dynasty to the Tang dynasty. Secondly, the gravity center moved toward the northeast from the Tang dynasty to the Yuan dynasty, and then toward the southwest direction. Finally, the gravity center during the Yuan-Qing dynasty moved mainly towards the north direction. In this paper, we divided China into east and west parts by the population line of Tengchong-Aihui and found that during the study period, the gravity center path in the western region presented a large fluctuation trend in both the south-north and the east-west directions. However, the moving trajectory of the gravity center in the eastern region was similar to that of the whole country. (2) The analyses of the standard deviational ellipses showed that the urban distribution in the whole country, the eastern region, and the western region exhibited a distribution pattern of "decentralization, centralization and decentralization", and this trend in the western region was most obvious. From the perspective of the average direction, the urban distribution in the whole country and the eastern region were similar to a certain degree, with the northeast-southwest as the main characteristics. However, the urban distribution in the western region took the northwest-southeast as the main features. (3) Based on the urban density distribution and spatial correlation, we found that its spatial continuity and self-organization were continuously strengthened, and the structural variation was in a significant state. Viewing from the direction, we concluded that the degree of homogenization on the Omni-direction tended to decline. The urban density homogenization degree of each dynasty in the northwest and southeast directions was relatively good and the spatial differences were minimal, but the spatial differences in the east and west directions were most obvious. (4) The analysis of the related factors of the urban setting up in different periods revealed that the setting up of the cities of China during 221 BC-1911 AD mainly focused on the flat terrain near the river and the central city with moderate climate.

Key words: the perspective of geography, urban distribution, China

金淑婷, 李博, 杨永春, 石培基, 史坤博, 达福文. 中国城市分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(7): 1352-1366.

Shuting JIN, Bo LI, Yongchun YANG, Peiji SHI, Kunbo SHI, Fuwen DA. The distribution of cities in China and its influencing factors[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(7): 1352-1366.

图/表 10

表1

图1

表2

图2

表3

表4

表5

中国城市密度空间分布变差函数分维数"

朝代	全方向			南北		东北—西南			东西			东南—西北
朝代	D		$R 2$		D	$R 2$		D	$R 2$	D	$R 2$	D	$R 2$
秦	1.712	0.803		1.866	0.104	1.709	0.459		1.574	0.997		1.902	0.132
汉	1.612	0.911		1.696	0.488	1.577	0.787		1.522	0.994		1.805	0.449
晋	1.621	0.940		1.654	0.755	1.602	0.821		1.552	0.985		1.758	0.680
南北朝	1.597	0.954		1.650	0.760	1.568	0.838		1.529	0.995		1.716	0.791
唐	1.607	0.953		1.673	0.745	1.576	0.872		1.544	0.994		1.701	0.839
宋	1.599	0.967		1.659	0.823	1.575	0.874		1.529	0.995		1.702	0.844
元	1.605	0.967		1.639	0.871	1.588	0.866		1.542	0.993		1.702	0.862
明	1.597	0.975		1.635	0.904	1.590	0.873		1.534	0.994		1.677	0.893
清	1.595	0.983		1.647	0.899	1.605	0.895		1.531	0.994		1.665	0.916

表5

图3

表6

表7

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图层编号	朝代	时间	城市界定
1	秦	221 BC-206 BC	郡、县、道
2	汉(东汉、西汉、三国时代)	206 BC-280 AD	郡、王国、县、道、邑、侯国
3	晋(东晋、西晋时代)	280 AD-439 AD	州、郡、王国、县、侯国
4	南北朝	439 AD-581 AD	州、郡、县、侯国
5	唐(隋、唐、五代十国时代)	581 AD-960 AD	州、郡、道、府、县
6	宋(宋、辽、夏、金时代)	947 AD-1279 AD	道、府、州、路、县、军、监
7	元	1271 AD-1368 AD	省、路、府、州、县
8	明	1368 AD-1644 AD	布政司（省）、府、州、县
9	清	1636 AD-1911 AD	省、府、县、散州、散厅、设置局

地区	朝代	重心坐标		方向	东西方向距离(km)	南北方向距离(km)	偏移距离(km)
全国	秦	113.98ºE、	34.21ºN
	汉	112.53ºE、	33.97ºN	西偏南15.69º	150.32	42.23	156.13
	晋	112.41ºE、	32.73ºN	西偏南89.45º	1.30	136.51	136.52
	南北朝	112.19ºE、	32.52ºN	西偏南58.89º	14.47	23.98	28.01
	唐	111.25ºE、	32.43ºN	西偏南11.66º	84.15	17.37	85.93
	宋	112.90ºE、	32.76ºN	东偏北19.19º	-139.52	-48.56	147.73
	元	111.88ºE、	32.15ºN	西偏南48.41º	65.51	73.80	98.98
	明	112.08ºE、	32.17ºN	东偏北10.22º	-25.74	-4.64	26.15
	清	111.69ºE、	33.11ºN	西偏北62.71º	51.05	-98.97	111.36
东部地区	秦	114.33ºE、	34.04ºN
	汉	113.36ºE、	33.45ºN	西偏南47.31º	-80.34	-74.11	109.30
	晋	113.11ºE、	32.27ºN	东偏南85.83º	-9.54	-130.99	131.34
	南北朝	112.73ºE、	32.10ºN	西偏南32.91º	-33.77	-21.86	40.23
	唐	112.35ºE、	31.72ºN	西偏北55.68º	-31.23	-45.74	55.38
	宋	113.25ºE、	32.46ºN	东偏北39.97º	75.26	89.78	117.15
	元	112.72ºE、	31.77ºN	西偏南62.97º	-41.39	-81.14	91.09
	明	112.96ºE、	31.77ºN	东偏北7.64º	22.35	3.00	22.55
	清	113.25ºE、	31.25ºN	东偏北68.87º	21.32	55.15	59.13
西部地区	秦	106.27ºE、	37.49ºN
	汉	102.92ºE、	37.95ºN	西偏北10.17º	-286.33	51.35	290.89
	晋	101.91ºE、	36.88ºN	西偏南50.94º	-91.40	-112.64	145.06
	南北朝	102.87ºE、	37.15ºN	东偏南17.70º	84.77	27.05	88.98
	唐	98.93ºE、	38.51ºN	西偏北26.41º	-329.41	163.59	367.80
	宋	100.57ºE、	37.66ºN	东偏南37.13º	113.62	-101.18	167.60
	元	99.40ºE、	36.22ºN	西偏南52.94º	-111.96	-148.27	185.79
	明	100.04ºE、	36.52ºN	东偏北26.18º	58.72	28.87	65.43
	清	98.31ºE、	38.27ºN	西偏北55.83º	-134.86	198.68	240.13

地区	朝代	秦	汉	晋	南北朝	唐	宋	元	明	清
全国	X轴标准差(km)	548.41	668.39	684.77	676.01	869.64	635.36	775.39	791.34	952.72
	Y轴标准差(km)	551.91	809.85	820.88	796.40	863.71	997.23	964.19	1032.92	1105.54
	转角θ(º)	60.45	45.18	39.75	26.57	132.06	27.74	37.98	37.54	42.38
东部	X轴标准差(km)	505.12	515.15	553.55	575.15	582.47	587.44	596.43	614.39	604.21
	Y轴标准差(km)	555.21	825.46	839.67	813.53	882.18	1011.22	953.98	1009.07	1108.77
	转角θ(º)	23.16	34.70	33.00	27.92	28.20	27.75	30.00	29.30	28.72
西部	X轴标准差(km)	181.75	763.28	669.03	644.37	1162.32	1060.12	914.66	793.33	895.24
	Y轴标准差(km)	463.22	449.05	384.81	439.59	629.11	645.33	1099.59	1348.10	1286.14
	转角θ(º)	41.23	104.13	120.77	119.64	108.72	100.49	73.78	59.15	85.85

名称	秦	汉	晋	南北朝	唐	宋	元	明	清
变程(m)	1115000	1514000	1739000	1791000	1926000	2206000	2186000	2405000	2854000
块金值	0.080	0.100	1.800	0.600	3.000	3.800	3.800	4.200	4.400
基台值	8.97	41.54	41.28	52.90	58.19	65.77	61.98	69.42	74.07
块金系数	0.009	0.002	0.044	0.011	0.052	0.058	0.061	0.061	0.062
拟合模型	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical	Spherical
决定系数	0.931	0.990	0.994	0.998	0.992	0.991	0.990	0.991	0.991

原始变量	地形因子	气候因子	边远性因子	水源因子
高程	0.897	-0.263	0.173	0.122
起伏度	0.879	-0.296	0.147	0.128
坡度	0.794	0.214	0.119	-0.141
降水	-0.092	0.924	-0.036	-0.208
平均气温	-0.164	0.892	-0.233	0.062
距离公路	0.182	-0.101	0.853	0.014
距离中心城市	0.278	-0.178	0.625	0.106
蒸发量	0.164	-0.336	-0.073	0.817
距离水系	-0.077	0.141	0.455	0.695