“亚喀斯特”概念与景观特征的初步探讨——以贵州为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201508014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“亚喀斯特”作为贵州等地喀斯特生态环境的特殊组成部分,属典型的生态脆弱区,理清其概念内涵及景观特征是认识这一特殊环境的重要途径,本文拟对其概念内涵、景观特征进行初步探讨。分析认为,亚喀斯特是介于一般典型喀斯特与非喀斯特间的另一种地貌景观,三者在岩层特性、地貌发育、景观特征及生态环境效应若干方面均存在显著差异。构成亚喀斯特的岩性主要是不纯碳酸盐岩(如泥质白云岩、泥质灰岩)及碳酸盐岩与非碳酸盐岩组合的夹层,岩石含泥质成分高,洞穴分布极少,地下水资源模数较大;地貌以丘陵谷地、浅中丘、浅切割低中山为主,地形起伏较缓;成土母质丰富,土层较厚,宜农耕地较多,农用价值相对较大,但同等条件下土壤侵蚀量较高;植被生长茂盛、覆盖度高,生态环境相对较好。

关键词: 亚喀斯特, 景观特征, 典型喀斯特, 贵州, 综合自然地理

Abstract:

The "Semi-Karst", as a special part of karst ecological environment of Guizhou, is a typical ecological fragile zone. Clearly defining and fully understanding its concept and connotation, combined with analysis of characteristics of its landscape, is an important way to cognize this special landscape. In this paper, the concept of "Semi-Karst", as well as its landscape characteristics and ecological environmental effect, have been involved in a preliminary discussion. Analysis holds that "Semi-Karst" is a transitional landscape developing in impure carbonate rocks and the interlayer of carbonate rocks and non-carbonate rocks. It is another kind of karst landscape different from typical karst and non-karst in development of stratum and lithology, landscape characteristics and ecological environment effect. "Semi-Karst" is mainly constituted by impure carbonate rocks and interlayer of carbonate rocks and non-carbonate rocks. Carbonate rocks mainly include the argillaceous dolomite and argillaceous limestone, with middle Triassic Guanling Formation (T₂g) as most typical. And non-carbonate rocks mainly include interbedded reservoir of Daye Formation (T₁d), Ziyun Formation (T₁z), and Luolou Formation (T₁l). In "Semi-Karst" regions, rocks mostly contain high argillaceous composition; karst development is not as good as in typical karst regions; landforms mainly include hill and valley, low and middle hill, shallow cutting low and middle mountain; terrain fluctuation and surface cutting level are relatively small; slope is nearly between 8 and 35 degrees; peak cluster and peak forest are rare, which are common in typical karst regions. At the same time, few underground karst caves can be found, and karst caves are relatively small on height and length; modulus of groundwater resources is big, and drought and surface water shortage are not as serious as in typical karst areas. Due to rock in "Semi-Karst" of high content of argillaceous rock composition and insoluble residues and low rate of dissolution, these regions are featured by rich soil parent material, fast soil formation rate, thick soil layer, and medium pH of soil. "Semi-Karst" regions have a large amount of cultivated lands and high agricultural value, which can relieve the conflict between people and land to a certain extent. In addition, in "Semi-Karst" areas soil covers are continuously distributed, natural vegetation grows densely, Pinus massoniana and cypress are widely distributed, the ecological environment effect is good, and the ecosystem is relatively stable. However, due to factors such as human activities, the quantity of soil erosion in "Semi-Karst" area is larger than that in typical karst area under the same conditions. Therefore, more significance should be attached to "Semi-Karst" area and a lot of related researches are needed in the future.

Key words: Semi-Karst, landscape features, typical karst, Guizhou, Comprehensive Physical geography

胡锋, 安裕伦, 许璟. “亚喀斯特”概念与景观特征的初步探讨——以贵州为例[J]. 地理研究, 2015, 34(8): 1569-1580.

Feng HU, Yulun AN, Jing XU. Preliminary discussion on concept and landscape features of "Semi-Karst": A case study of Guizhou province[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2015, 34(8): 1569-1580.

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

表4

典型“亚喀斯特”地区土壤植被特征"

调查样地	点号	地理位置	土壤类型	厚度(cm)	pH(A/B)	植被类型及土被覆盖	土地利用类型
安顺西秀下哨	1	106°2′38″26°9′47″	黄壤、黄色石灰土	30	A:5.5 B:6.0	常绿灌丛为主,小果蔷薇、火棘灌丛,有针阔混交林,土被达80%	坡耕旱地、林地
安顺西秀下哨	2	106°2′36″26°10′7″	黄壤、黄色石灰土	40	A:5.3 B:6.2	以针阔混交林为主,灌草丛次之,土被覆盖在70%~80%之间	旱地、林地
贵阳市乌当区	1	106°46′38″26°38′23″	黄壤	35	A:5.3 B:5.8	玉米、油(麦)为主的旱地植被	旱地、水田
	2	106°47′46″26°38′56″	黄色石灰土	38~50	A:5.1 B:6.4	马尾松林,森林覆盖率为60%,草坡地,大田作物	坡耕地、少量水田
	3	106°49′18″26°39′34″	水稻土、石灰土	20~35	A:7.0 B:6.0	人工植被为主,玉米、油(麦) 为主的旱地植被	旱地、部分荒草地
	4	106°49′58″26°39′55″	石灰土、黄棕壤	25~45	A:5.6 B:7.3	植被以灌丛为主,乔木林为辅, 有少量的马尾松林	坡耕地、林地
	5	106°49′57″26°39′33″	水稻土、黄色石灰土	42	A:7.2 B:6.4	植被以灌丛为主,乔木为辅, 覆盖率30~40%	荒草地、旱地等
观山湖区大关桥	1	106°40′5″ 26°38′14″	黄壤、黄色石灰土	25~47	A:5.4 B:6.2	针阔混交林,灌草丛,土被覆盖在60%左右,乔灌木高3~8 m	坡耕地、林地、居民地
修文县丫叉田	1	106°47′27″26°55′ 28″	水稻土	30	- -	乔木灌丛,小果蔷薇、火棘灌丛	玉米、水稻为主的耕地
息烽林丰村采石厂	1	106°42′50″27°5′38″	石灰土	43~48	- -	种玉米为主的旱地植被,森林, 灌木林	旱地、林地
息烽县康家寨	1	106°43′05″27°5′38″	粗骨土、石灰土	40~50	A:6.2 B:5.6	针叶马尾松林,松柏树	旱地、林地
遵义县阁老坝村	1	106°47′58″27°25′46″	黄色、石灰土	30~50	- -	乔木林为主,灌草丛为辅,覆盖 40%~70%	农用水田、旱地、林地
遵义县任召桥	1	106°53′16″27°35′17″	黄壤、水稻土	25~50	A:5.5 B:6.3	马尾松林,树高8米左右,覆盖80%~90%,有枫香、白栎、盐肤木	林地、灌木、旱地

表4

表3

参考文献 40

[1]	Sweeting M M.Reflections on the development of Karst geomorphology in Europe and a comparison with its development in China. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 1993, 37: 127-138.
[2]	李阳兵, 侯建筠, 谢德体. 中国西南岩溶生态研究进展. 地理科学, 2002, 22(3): 365-370.
	[Li Yangbing, Hou Jianjun, Xie Deti.The recent development of research on karst ecology in Southwest China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2002, 22(3): 365-370.]
[3]	袁道先. 我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题. 世界科技研究与发展, 1997, 19(5): 41-43.
	[Yuan Daoxian.On the environment and geological problems of karst mountains and rocks in the south-west China. World Sci-Tech R & D, 1997, 19(5): 41-43.]
[4]	彭建, 蔡运龙, 何钢, 等. 喀斯特生态脆弱区猫跳河流域土地利用/覆被变化研究. 山地学报, 2007, 25(5): 566-576.
	[Peng Jian, Cai Yunlong, He Gang, et al.Land Use/cover change in ecologically fragile karst areas: A case study in Maotiaohe River Basin, Guizhou, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 2007, 25(5): 566-576.]
[5]	李阳兵, 邵景安, 王世杰, 等. 岩溶生态系统脆弱性研究. 地理科学进展, 2006, 25(5): 1-9.
	[Li Yangbing, Shao Jing'an, Wang Shijie, et al. A conceptual analysis of karst ecosystem fragility. Progress in Geography, 2006, 25(5): 1-9.]
[6]	蔡运龙. 中国西南喀斯特山区的生态重建与农林牧业发展:研究现状与趋势. 资源科学, 1999, 21(5): 37-41.
	[Cai Yunlong. ecological rehabilitation and development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry in karst mountain areas of Southwest China: Status quo and trend of study. Resources Science, 1999, 21(5): 37-41.]
[7]	杨明德. 贵州喀斯特发育的一些特点. 见: 杨明德. 喀斯特研究: 杨明德论文选集. 贵阳: 贵州民族出版社, 2003: 1-20.
	[Yang Mingde.Some features of karst development in guizhou. In: Yang Mingde. Collected Papers from the Karst Research of Yang Mingde. Guiyang: Guizhou Nationalities Publishing House, 2003: 1-20.]
[8]	杨明德. 贵州高原喀斯特地貌结构及演化规律. 见: 杨明德. 喀斯特研究: 杨明德论文选集. 贵阳: 贵州民族出版社, 2003: 20-33.
	[Yang Mingde.The structure and evolution of karst in guizhou. In: Yang Mingde. Collected Papers from the Karst Research of Yang Mingde. Guiyang: Guizhou Nationalities Publishing House, 2003: 20-33.]
[9]	杨明德. 论喀斯特环境的脆弱性. 见: 杨明德. 喀斯特研究: 杨明德论文选集. 贵阳: 贵州民族出版社, 2003: 226-237.
	[Yang Mingde.Discussion on the vulnerability of karst environment. In: Yang Mingde. Collected Papers from the Karst Research of Yang Mingde. Guiyang: The Nationalities Publishing House of Guizhou, 2003: 226-237.]
[10]	张殿发, 王世杰, 李瑞玲. 贵州省喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性研究. 地理学与国土研究, 2002, 18(1): 77-79.
	[Zhang Dianfa, Wang Shijie, Li Ruiling.Study on the eco-environmental vulnerability in Guizhou karst mountains. Geography and Territorial Research, 2002, 18(1): 77-79.]
[11]	苏维词. 贵州岩溶山区生态系统的脆弱性及其对策. 中国水土保持科学, 2004, 2(3): 64-69.
	[Su Weici.Main characteristics of eco-system and corresponding countermeasures of karst mountain region in Guizhou. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 2(3): 64-69.]
[12]	安裕伦. 喀斯特人地关系地域系统的结构与功能刍议. 中国岩溶, 1994, 13(2): 153-159.
	[An Yulun.A tentative study on structure and function of man-land relationship areal system in karst terrains. Carsologica Sinica, 1994, 13(2): 153-159.]
[13]	安裕伦. 贵州峰丛喀斯特多民族山区人地关系的思考: 以贵州麻山、瑶山及北盘江河谷地区为例. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2000, 18(3): 8-12.
	[An Yulun.The relationship between haman and land in minority nationalities areas of Guizhou karst peak cluster region. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Science, 2000, 18(3): 8-12.]
[14]	陈慧琳. 南方岩溶区人地系统的基本地域分异探讨. 地理研究, 2000, 19(1): 73-79.
	[Chen Huilin.A study on basic territorial differences in the man-land system in Karst Regions of South China. Geographical Research, 2000, 19(1): 73-79.]
[15]	李阳兵, 罗光杰, 邵景安, 等. 岩溶山地聚落人口空间分布与演化模式. 地理学报, 2012, 67(12): 1666-1674.
	[Li Yangbing, Luo Guangjie, Shao Jing'an, et al. The evolving models of rural settlements and population distribution in karst mountains. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(12): 1666-1674.]
[16]	李瑞玲, 王世杰, 周德全, 等. 贵州岩溶地区岩性与土地石漠化的相关分析. 地理学报, 2003, 58(13): 314-320.
	[Li Ruiling, Wang Shijie, Zhou Dequan, et al.The correlation between rock desertification and lithology in karst area of Guizhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(13): 314-320.]
[17]	安宏锋, 安裕伦, 袁士聪, 等. 贵州省石漠化敏感性的动态演变与模拟预测. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(13): 388-395.
	[An Hongfeng, An Yulun, Yuan Shicong, et al.Change and simulation and prediction of the karst rocky desertification sensitivity in Guizhou province. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(13): 155-161.]
[18]	王培彬, 安裕伦. 2000-2010年贵州喀斯特地区石漠化时空特征分析. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2013, 32(3): 10-15.
	[Wang Peibin, An Yunlun.Spatial-temporal analysis of rocky desertification in Guizhou province during 2000-2010. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Science, 2013, 32(3): 10-15.]
[19]	万军, 蔡运龙. 喀斯特生态脆弱区的土地退化及生态重建: 以贵州省关岭县为例. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2003, 13(2): 50-56.
	[Wan Jun, Cai Yunlong.Land degradation and eco-reconstruction in fragile karst ecosystem: The case of guanling county, Guizhou province. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2003, 13(2): 50-56.]
[20]	李阳兵, 姜丽, 白晓永. 亚热带喀斯特石漠化土地退化特征研究. 长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(3): 395-399.
	[LI Yangbing, Jiang Li, Bai Xiaoyong.Characteristics of karst rocky desertification land in the subtropical zone in China. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2006, 15(3): 395-399.]
[21]	王荣, 蔡运龙. 西南喀斯特地区退化生态系统整治模式. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(4): 1070-1080.
	[Wang Rong, Cai Yunlong.Management modes of degraded ecosystem in southwest karst area of China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(4): 1070-1080.]
[22]	张宏群, 安裕伦. 贵州省喀斯特山区水土流失遥感信息模型的建立. 水土保持通报, 2003, 23(5): 9-12.
	[Zhang Hongqun, An Yulun.A design of remote sensing information model of soil and water loss in karst mountain region of Guizhou province. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 23(5): 9-12.]
[23]	杨胜天, 王冰, 王玉娟. 喀斯特地区水土流失遥感监测现状与发展趋势. 水土保持通报, 2007, 27(1): 62-66.
	[Yang Shengtian, Wang Bing, Wang Yujuan.Trend and state of RS monitoring of soil and water loss in karst region. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 27(1): 62-66.]
[24]	熊康宁, 胡顺光. 贵州喀斯特地区水土流失研究进展. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 29(4): 106-110.
	[Xiong Kangning, Hu Shunguang.Evolution of soil and water loss in Guizhou karst area. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Sciences, 2011, 29(4): 106-110.]
[25]	张跃红, 安裕伦, 马良瑞, 等. 1960-2010年贵州省喀斯特山区陡坡土地利用变化. 地理科学进展, 2010, 21(7): 878-884.
	[Zhang Yuehong, An Yulun, Ma Liangrui, et al.Land use change of slope land in karst mountainous regions, Guizhou province during 1960-2010. Progress in Geography, 2010, 21(7): 878-884.]
[26]	李正, 王军, 白中科, 等. 喀斯特地区土地利用变化研: 以贵州省为例. 地域研究与开发, 2011, 30(2): 143-148.
	[Li Zheng, Wang Jun, Bai Zhongke, et al.Researches on karst area land use change: Taking Guizhou province for example. Areal Research and Development, 2011, 30(2): 143-148.]
[27]	马士彬, 张勇荣, 安裕伦.山区城市土地利用动态空间分布特征: 以贵州省六盘水为例. 自然资源学报, 2012, 27(3): 489-496.
	[Ma Shibin, Zhang Yongrong, An Yulun.Spatial pattern of urban land use in the mountain area: A case study of liupanshui in Guizhou province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2012, 27(3): 489-496.]
[28]	万军. 贵州省喀斯特地区土地退化与生态重建研究进展. 地球科学进展, 2003, 18(3): 447-453.
	[Wan Jun.Land degradation and ecological rehabilitation in karst areas of Guizhou province, Southweastern China. Advance in Earth Sciences, 2003, 18(3): 447-453.]
[29]	苏维词, 朱文孝, 滕建珍. 喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态重建模式及其效应. 生态环境, 2004, 13(1): 57-60.
	[Su Weici, Zhu Wenxiao, Teng Jianzhen.Eco-controlling models of rocky desertification in karst gorge region of Xingbei town in Guizhou province and its effects. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2004, 13(1): 57-60.]
[30]	王金乐, 林昌虎, 何腾兵. 贵州喀斯特山区石漠化生态环境背景与生态重建. 水土保持研究, 2006, 13(5): 148-153.
	[Wang Jinle, Lin Changhu, He Tengbing.Ecological environment of rocky desertification and ecological rehabilitation model in karst mountainous area of Guizhou. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 13(5): 148-153.]
[31]	伍光和, 王乃昂, 胡双熙, 等. 自然地理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2008.
	[Wu Guanghe, Wang Nai'ang, Hu Shuangxi, et al. Physical Geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2008.]
[32]	杨明德. 论贵州岩溶水赋存的地貌规律性. 中国岩溶, 1982, (2): 85-91.
	[Yang Mingde.The geomorphological of karst water occurences in Guizhou plateau. Carsologica Sinica, 1982, (2): 81-91.]
[33]	李宗发. 贵州喀斯特地貌分区. 贵州地质, 2011, 28(3): 177-181.
	[Li Zongfa.Division of karst landform in Guizhou. Guizhou Geology, 2011, 28(3): 177-181.]
[34]	李玉辉. 喀斯特的内涵的发展及喀斯特生态环境保护. 中国岩溶, 2000, 19(3): 260-267.
	[Li Yuhui.The evolution of implication of karst and its environmental protection. Carsologica Sinica, 2000, 19(3): 260-267.]
[35]	安裕伦, 吕涛, 熊康宁, 等. “3S”在贵州喀斯特石漠化现状研究中的应用探讨. 见: 水利部水土保持监测中心, 中国水土保持学会水土保持监测专业委员会. 全国第一届水土保持监测学术研讨会论文集. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2001: 144-152.
	[An Yulun, Lv Tao, Xiong Kangning, et al.The study to karst-desertification in Guizhou with"3S". In: Monitoring Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Ministry of Water Resources, Chinese Society of Soil and Water Conservation, Professional Committee of soil and water conservation monitoring. Collected Papers from the First Academic Conference on Water and Soil Conservation. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2001: 144-152.]
[36]	贺中华, 杨胜天, 梁虹, 等. 基于GIS和RS的喀斯特流域枯水资源影响因素识别: 以贵州省为例. 中国岩溶, 2004, 23(1): 48-55.
	[He Zhonghua, Yang Shengtian, Liang Hong, et al.Identification for the factors that impact low-flow resources in karst basin by means of GIS and RS: A case in Guizhou province. Carsologica Sinica, 2004, 23(1): 48-55.]
[37]	吕红梅, 安裕伦, 杨广斌, 等. 喀斯特地区 CBERS02植被覆盖度的分形研究: 以贵州毕节地区为例. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2009, 27(2): 34-39.
	[Lv Hongmei, An Yulun, Yang Guangbin, et al.Fractal research on karst area CBERS02 vegetation degree of coverage: Taking Guizhou Bijie prefecture as an example. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Sciences, 2009, 27(2): 34-39.]
[38]	杨明德.论喀斯特地貌地域结构及其环境效应. 见: 杨明德. 喀斯特研究: 杨明德论文选集. 贵阳: 贵州民族出版社, 2003: 239-250.
	[Yang Mingde.The structure and environment effects of karst in Guizhou. In: Yang Mingde. Collected Papers from the Karst Research of Yang Mingde. Guiyang: The Nationalities Publishing House of Guizhou, 2003: 239-250.]
[39]	俞遵典. 论喀斯特地貌的成因与演化. 云南地质, 2003, 22(1): 1-15.
	[Yu Zundian.The origin and evolution of the karst landscape. Yunnan Geology, 2003, 22(1): 1-15.]
[40]	贵州省国土资源厅. 贵州省国土资源地图集. 成都: 成都地图出版社, 2011.
	[Department of Land and Resources of Guizhou Province. Atlas of Land and Resources of Guizhou Province. Chengdu: Chengdu Cartographic Publishing House, 2011.]

调查样地	点号	地理坐标	地层	岩性结构	地形地貌	坡度(º)
安顺西秀下哨	1	106°2′38″E 26°9′47″N	紫云组罗楼组	碎屑灰岩,泥灰岩,灰岩夹粘土岩	丘陵谷地	12
安顺西秀下哨	2	106°2′36″E26°10′07″N	紫云组罗楼组	薄层灰岩夹页岩,泥质白云岩	丘陵谷地、沟谷地貌	20
贵阳市乌当区	1	106°46′38″E26°38′23″N	关岭组	白云岩夹粘土岩,底部为杂色页岩	缓丘、洼地	10~15
	2	106°47′46″E26°38′56″N	大冶组	薄层灰岩,粘土岩,泥质灰岩	缓丘、盆地	8~10
	3	106°49′18″E26°39′34″N	关岭组	泥质白云岩,炭质页岩	丘陵谷地	10~12
	4	106°49′58″E26°39′55″N	关岭组	白云岩夹粘土岩	丘陵洼地、丘陵谷地	12~30
	5	106°49′57″E26°39′33″N	关岭组	上层为泥质白云岩,下层为页岩	缓丘、浅中丘、中盆地	8~17
观山湖区大关桥	1	106°40′05″E	关岭组	泥质灰岩,碎屑岩夹粘土岩	峰丛、丘陵、低中丘	8~12
观山湖区大关桥	1	26°38′14″N	关岭组	泥质灰岩,碎屑岩夹粘土岩	峰丛、丘陵、低中丘	8~12
修文县丫叉田	1	106°47′27″E	关岭组	泥质灰岩,白云岩夹粘土岩	缓丘、盆地	5~9
修文县丫叉田	1	26°55′28″N	关岭组	泥质灰岩,白云岩夹粘土岩	缓丘、盆地	5~9
息烽林丰村采石厂	1	106°42′50″E	关岭组	杂色白云岩夹粘土岩	丘陵谷地、深中丘	15~35
息烽林丰村采石厂	1	27°05′38″N	关岭组	杂色白云岩夹粘土岩	丘陵谷地、深中丘	15~35
息烽县康家寨	1	106°43′05″E	关岭组	灰岩,白云岩夹黏土岩	山地、低中山	18
息烽县康家寨	1	27°05′38″N	关岭组	灰岩,白云岩夹黏土岩	山地、低中山	18
遵义县阁老坝村	1	106°47′58″E	关岭组	白云岩夹粘土岩	缓丘、缓中丘	12
遵义县阁老坝村	1	27°25′46″N	关岭组	白云岩夹粘土岩	缓丘、缓中丘	12
遵义县任召桥	1	106°53′16″E27°35′17″N	关岭组	白云岩夹粘土岩	山地,陡坡地	14

	贵阳市			遵义县/红花岗/汇川				西秀/平坝
	图斑（个）		面积（km²）	百分比（%）	图斑（个）	面积（km²）	百分比（%）	图斑（个）	面积（km²）	百分比（%）
低中山	58	662.59	32.98	53	1107.47	69.93		3	87.64	6.83
浅中丘	30	739.97	36.84	17	66.17	4.18		12	758.22	59.12
深中丘	40	516.49	25.71	20	305.03	19.26		8	94.46	7.36
中盆地	9	55.17	2.75	6	12.94	0.82		3	25.31	1.97
高台地	2	19.45	0.97	-	-	-		-	-	-
浅低丘	-	-	-	5	17.84	1.13		-	-	-
中山	13	15.15	0.75	7	74.20	4.69		10	316.97	24.71
总计	152	2008.81	100.00	108	1583.64	100.00		36	1282.60	100.00

模数值	碳酸盐岩类岩溶水模数值					基岩类裂隙水模数值	合计
个数	10~20	20~30	30~40	40~50	>50	15~25
典型喀斯特区	3	7	21	19	29	7	86
亚喀斯特区	0	4	13	5	17	0	39
非喀斯特区	0	4	4	7	3	4	22
合计	3	15	38	31	49	11	147