基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化

doi:10.11821/dlyj201604006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以陕北黄土高原为研究区,基于InVEST水源涵养功能评价模块,定量评价退耕还林还草工程背景下土地利用/覆被变化对研究区水源涵养的影响,在此基础上开展水源涵养空间分区。结果表明：① 2000-2010年,陕北黄土高原草地、灌丛和林地的面积分别增加了3204 km²、285.3 km²和122.7 km²,城镇面积增加了450.4 km²;农田、荒漠、湿地的面积分别面积减少了3984.5 km²、72.7 km²和5.2 km²。② 2000-2010年,陕北黄土高原水源涵养量整体以减少为主,中部减少最为显著,减少量在25 m³/hm²~40 m³/hm²,局部区域在40 m³/hm²以上;其他大部分区域均有0~25 m³/hm²不等的减少。③ 陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能高度重要区和极重要区的总面积为32255.1 km²,所占比例为40.5%。④ 通过陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能评价和重要性分区为生态系统的科学管理提供参考。

关键词: 水源涵养, 土地覆被变化, InVEST模型, 黄土高原

Abstract:

The research on the assessment of ecosystem services is the hot spot and focus in global researches of ecology, geography, and exerted a profound influence on significantly regional ecosystem management, sustainable development and human welfare. We chose the InVEST model, a tradeoff model of regional development and ecosystem management, which provides a quantitative, scientific, dynamic assessment methods for regional water retention. Under the background of the project of Returning Farmland to Forestland, the influence of the land cover changes on the water retention was calculated quantitatively. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The area of grass, scrub, woodland and towns increased by 3204 km², 285.3 km², 122.7 km² and 450.4 km², respectively in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2010. By contrast, farmland, deserts and wetlands were reduced by 3984.5 km², 72.7 km² and 5.2 km², respectively. (2) Water retention of the research area displayed a decreasing tendency in the 10 years, which has a remarkable reduction of 25 m³/hm²-40 m³/hm² in the central part of the study area invloving the southwest of Wuding River basin, the upper reaches of Yanhe River and Qingjian River. Part of the central region has a more significant reduction exceeding 40 m³/hm². And the reduction of other basins in this area was below 25 m³/hm². (3) On the basis of these studies, the importance level of water conservation capacity in 2010 of the study area has been classified , and the total area of the water retention in highly important area and vital important area reached 32255.1 km² with a proportion of 40.5%. (4) The assessment of water conservation function and the five partitions of importance level not only provides a reference for the effective management of ecosystems and is of great help to developing planning decisions in a scientific and rational perspective.

Key words: water retention function, land cover changes, InVEST model, Loess Plateau of Shaanxi

包玉斌, 李婷, 柳辉, 马涛, 王怀香, 刘康, 沈茜, 刘心浩. 基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(4): 664-676.

Yubin BAO, Ting LI, Hui LIU, Tao MA, Huaixiang WANG, Kang LIU, Xi SHEN, Xinhao LIU. Spatial and temporal changes of water conservation of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province by InVEST model[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(4): 664-676.

图/表 12

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表3

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表4

水源涵养功能分级标准"

重要性分级	一般重要	较重要	中等重要	高度重要	极重要
水源涵养量（m³ $?$ hm^-2 $?$ a^-1）	0~115	115~145	145~175	175~215	>215

表4

图7

图8

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数据	来源
土地利用/覆被	《全国生态十年变化遥感调查与评估项目》
降水量	陕西及周边56个气象站多年平均降水量反距离平方加权法插值
潜在蒸散量	《全国生态十年变化遥感调查与评估项目》
土壤深度	郭兆元编《陕西土壤》和《陕西省第二次土壤普查数据集》^[19,20]
根系深度及流速系数	根据植被覆盖类型查阅相关文献^[12,16,20]
植物可利用水含量	利用土壤质地计算获得^[19]
蒸散系数	根据叶面积指数计算
土壤饱和导水率	根据NeuroTheta软件计算获得
DEM	DEM（30 m×30 m）

Ⅰ级	Ⅱ级	III级	Root_depth (mm)	Vel_coef
森林	阔叶林	落叶阔叶林	3000	180
	针叶林	常绿针叶林	3000	200
	针阔混交林	针阔混交林	3000	200
灌丛	阔叶灌丛	落叶阔叶灌木林	2000	249
灌丛	稀疏灌丛	稀疏灌木林	1500	400
草地	草地	草原	500	500
		草丛	500	400
		稀疏草地	500	600
湿地	沼泽	草本沼泽	300	900
	湖泊	湖泊	1	2012
	湖泊	水库/坑塘	1	2012
	河流	河流	1	2012
	河流	运河/水渠	1	2012
农田	耕地	水田	300	900
	耕地	旱地	400	800
	园地	乔木园地	3000	400
城镇	居住地	居住地	1	2012
	城市绿地	乔木绿地	3000	400
	城市绿地	草本绿地	500	600
	工矿交通	工业用地	1	2012
		交通用地	1	2012
		采矿场	1	2012
荒漠	荒漠	沙漠/沙地	1	200
		裸土	1	1500
		盐碱地	1	1500

土地利用类型	2000年			2005年		2010年			2000-2010年变化值
土地利用类型	面积（km²）		比例（%）		面积（km²）	比例（%）	面积（km²）	比例（%）	面积（km²）	比例（%）
林地	6812.3	8.52		6929.9	8.67	6935.0	8.67		122.7	0.15
灌丛	9995.8	12.50		10254.0	12.82	10281.0	12.86		285.2	0.36
草地	40116.2	50.16		42795.5	53.51	43320.2	54.17		3204.0	4.01
湿地	306.3	0.38		292.0	0.37	301.1	0.38		-5.2	-0.01
农田	19979.7	24.98		16770.2	20.97	15995.2	20.00		-3984.5	-4.98
城镇	461.1	0.58		660.8	0.83	911.5	1.14		450.4	0.56
荒漠	2303.3	2.88		2272.3	2.84	2230.6	2.79		-72.7	-0.09