干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析

doi:10.11821/dlyj201604008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于1987年、2002年、2013年三期Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI遥感影像提取研究区农村居民点时空分布信息,利用GIS空间分析、景观指数分析及多元线性回归分析干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观演化特征及驱动机制。研究表明：① 农村居民点集中分布在绿洲内部平原区,其中城市周边及沿河道、道路是居民点空间聚集较明显的区域。② 1987-2013年农村居民点面积增长较形状变化更为显著。新建居民点和旧居民点边界扩张是导致研究区农村居民点面积显著增长主要原因,且在不同时空区域表现出不同的增长方式;居民点形状以矩形和近圆形居多,条带型较少。③ 通过对居民点景观演变机制进行分析,发现城市辐射距离、水源地远近及距离道路远近是影响农村居民点景观变化的首要因素,其次是人口规模,最后才是区域经济的发展。

关键词: 农村居民点, 景观格局演变, GIS空间分析, Landsat影像, 干旱区绿洲

Abstract:

Rural settlements are the main landscape type in arid region, and is an important component of population-land relationship research. What is more, the change of landscape pattern of rural settlements is deeply influenced by development policies, population size, cultivated land resources, water resources and others factors in oases. The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is the second largest inland river basin in Northwest China and it is also a hotspot region where there is a complex relationship between population and land use. Recently, many scholars have studied the relationships between population and water and land use in the HRB, however, there was less research on quantitative landscape description and driving mechanism analysis of rural settlements. Therefore, this paper takes the midstream area of the HRB as our study area, using 1987, 2002, 2013 Landsat TM / ETM + and OLI remote sensing images to extract the spatio-temporal distributed information of rural settlements. Taking advantage of GIS spatial analysis, landscape index analysis and multiple linear regression methods it reveals the rural settlement landscape evolution and driving mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows: ① The oases is the main concentrated region of rural settlements. Then, around cities and along rivers and roads are obvious agglomeration areas of rural settlements; ② Landscape index changes show that area growth is more significant than shape change of rural settlements from 1987 to 2013. The main reason for remarkable growth of rural settlements is the expansion of rural settlement land and newly-built rural settlements, which presents different spatial and temporal patterns in the study area. And rectangle, band and nearly round are the main shapes of rural settlements; ③ The distance to cities, rivers, and roads is the primary factor that affects the landscape changes of rural settlements, followed by population size, and the last is regional economic development.

Key words: rural settlements, landscape evolution, GIS spatial analysis, landsat images, oasis in arid area

师满江, 颉耀文, 曹琦. 干旱区绿洲农村居民点景观格局演变及机制分析[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(4): 692-702.

Manjiang SHI, Yaowen XIE, Qi CAO. The landscape evolution and mechanism analysis of rural settlements in the oasis of arid region[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(4): 692-702.

图/表 9

图1

表1

研究区农村居民点景观格局指数"

景观指数	描述
平均斑块大小（MPS）	$MPS = ∑ i = 1 n a i n$ ;MPS为居民点平均斑块大小,单位为m²;a_i第i居民点斑块的面积;n为居民点斑块数量
斑块大小标准差（PSSD）	衡量研究区农村居民点斑块面积离散程度,单位为m²
斑块密度（PD）	PD=N/A;N、A分别为农村居民点个数和面积,单位为1/km²
边缘指数（ED）	$ED = E / A$ ;E为居民点图版边长,单位为m; $ED$ 单位为m $?$ km^-2。各乡镇居民点被其图版边缘分割的程度,边缘指数越高,表示被分割的越剧烈,景观越破碎。边缘指数是衡量景观破碎化的指数
形状指数（MSI）	$MSI = E / πA$ ;以正圆为标准,其值越接近于1,表示形状趋于圆形
平均分维数（MPFD）	$MPPD = [∑ ∑ 2 ln (025 P ij) ln (a ij)] / N$ ;MPFD为平均斑块分维数;P_ij为斑块ij的周长;a_ij为斑块ij的面积;N为景观中斑块的总数量。该指数用于测定居民点斑块边界形状的复杂性和变异性,其值越大,表示居民点形状越复杂

表1

图2

表2

图3

表3

1987-2013年各乡镇农村居民点景观格局指数统计"

景观指数	年份	最小值.	最大值	平均值	标准差
MPS（m²）	1987	2545	8000	3975	1267
	2002	3000	9999	4704	1631
	2013	3033	12870	6356	2779
PSSD（m²）	1987	1841	11615	4949	2453
	2002	2099	12408	4856	2392
	2013	2661	24775	7166	4286
PD(1/km²)	1987	11	2837	781	749
	2002	21	3037	930	859
	2013	29	3522	967	761
MPFD	1987	1.26	1.36	1.32	0.03
	2002	1.29	1.35	1.33	0.01
	2013	1.31	1.36	1.33	0.01
MSI	1987	1.20	1.95	1.53	0.17
	2002	1.37	1.78	1.59	0.10
	2013	1.42	2.04	1.61	0.14
ED（m $?$ m^-2×10²）	1987	1.02	25.21	7.23	5.28
	2002	1.26	23.05	7.75	4.25
	2013	1.11	22.97	6.83	4.23

表3

图4

表4

表5

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年份	图斑数量	最小面积(m²)	最大面积(10⁶m²)	总面积(10⁶m²)	平均面积(10⁴m²)
1987	2632	2700	0.19	110	4.22
2002	3151	2700	0.62	125	3.94
2013	3608	2700	1.44	170	4.69

一级指标	二级指标	物理描述
人口增长	总人口X₁	统计上各乡镇总人口,单位：万人
人口增长	人口城镇化率X₂	（城镇人口/总人口）×100%,单位：%
经济增长	国内生产总值X₃	统计上各乡镇经济总量,单位：万元
	农业收入X₄	统计上各乡镇农民农业种植（包括养殖）收入,单位：万元
	第二、三产业收入比X₅	（除农业收入的其他收入/国内生产总值）×100%,单位：%
区位条件	到主要道路的距离X₆	居民点到主要道路的直线距离,单位：m
	到城市的距离X₇	居民点到主要城市的直线距离,单位：m
	距离河流的距离X₈	居民点到主要河流的直线距离,单位：m

人文因素	1987年			2002年			2013年
人文因素	标准化系数		解释力排序		标准化系数	解释力排序	标准化系数	解释力排序
总人口X₁	1.58	3		0.71	1		0.36	2
人口城镇化率X₂	1.06	6		-0.04	8		0.06	7
国内生产总值X₃	0.29	8		-0.10	6		-0.01	8
农业收入X₄	1.25	5		0.07	7		-0.01	6
第二、第三产业比重X₅	0.91	7		-0.18	5		-0.12	5
到主要道路的距离X₆	-1.21	4		-0.25	3		-0.36	3
到城市的距离X₇	3.70	1		0.44	2		0.36	4
距离河流的距离X₈	2.57	2		0.23	4		0.62	1