生态系统服务权衡：方法、模型与研究框架

doi:10.11821/dlyj201606001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系或彼此增益的协同关系,科学理解和权衡这些作用关系有利于指导生态系统管理实践,也对实现社会经济发展和生态保护的“双赢”目标具有重要意义。系统梳理了国内外现有的生态系统服务权衡研究工作,归纳总结了权衡研究的主要方法：统计学、空间分析、情景模拟和服务流动性分析方法;对权衡研究中常用的生态系统服务权衡模型进行了机理介绍和应用分析;进一步提出了权衡研究的理论框架和重要切入点,即生态系统服务的时空尺度特征、相互作用、效益和驱动机制。对生态系统服务权衡未来的进一步深化研究进行了展望,旨在为国内相关研究提供启迪和参考。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 权衡, 研究方法, 权衡模型, 研究框架

Abstract:

Ecosystem services are the benefits humans received from the natural environment, which are closely related to the environmental process and human activities. With the deepening understanding one cosystem services, their relationships and integrated effects between different ecosystem services have been paid more and more attention both at spatial and temporal dimensions. Due to the complex relationships between diverse ecosystem services, there is likely to be a contradictory mutual relationship between various ecosystem services, which is mainly shown as reciprocal trade-offs or mutual gain synergies. Scientific understanding and weighing these trade-offs and synergies relationship would have contributed to ecosystem management and decision-making, and have great significance on realizing "win-win" polices for the economic development and ecological protection. In this paper, based on the literature review of ecosystem services worldwide, primary methods for trade-offs were firstly classified as statistical analysis, spatial analysis, scenarios analysis and ecosystem service flowing analysis, and summarized the advantages and disadvantages. In addition, some important models and tools for ecosystem service trade-offs were systematically reviewed. Furthermore, a theoretical framework of ecosystem service trade-offs analysis was proposed to explore the scale characteristics, interactions, overall benefit evaluation and optimization and drive mechanism of various ecosystem services. Eventually, this paper presented the prospects of future studies for ecosystem service trade-offs as following: (1) Quantizing and simulating the multi-scale spatial and temporal characteristics of the relationship between trade-offs and synergies is an important content in the study of ecosystem services trade-offs. (2) The models for ecosystem services trade-offs management would become the important methods to explore the interactions between various ecosystem services. (3) Model applications, parameter localization and regionalization are critical steps in the process of the ecosystem services research, shown as the flow of "quantitation, trade-offs and decision-making". (4) Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary comprehensive research is the most important direction in future trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services research. These prospects and reviews would help to offer revelation and reference for domestic relevant researches, and could provide the theoretic grounds for the practice of the study of the regional ecological environment management.

Key words: ecosystem service, trade-offs, methods, trade-off analysis tools, research framework

戴尔阜, 王晓莉, 朱建佳, 赵东升. 生态系统服务权衡：方法、模型与研究框架[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(6): 1005-1016.

Erfu DAI, Xiaoli WANG, Jianjia ZHU, Dongsheng ZHAO. Methods, tools and research framework of ecosystem service trade-offs[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(6): 1005-1016.

图/表 3

表1

表2

主要的生态系统服务权衡模型概述"

模型名称	开发者	模型类型	可获得性	利益相关者的引入	适用的空间尺度	结果形式	应用地区	功能描述
InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosysytem services and tradeoffs)	美国斯坦福大学和世界自然基金会	生态生产功能	公开	可选	景观或流域尺度	物质量/货币	美洲、非洲、亚洲等20个国家和地区	具有多个生态系统服务评估模块,可以量化土地利用/覆被变化情景下的服务功能变化
ARIES(Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services)	美国佛蒙特大学、西班牙巴斯克气候变化研究中心、美国国际保护协会、墨西哥生态协会	价值转移	公开	可选	景观或流域尺度	物质量/货币	美国普及特海湾、亚利桑那州、多米尼加共和国、非洲马达加斯加岛的一些区域	通过人工智能和语义建模实现多种生态系统服务空间流动过程的评估和量化
NAIS(Natural Assets Information system)	国际自然资产实验室空间信息工作组（SIG-NAL）	价值转移	非公开	可选	景观或流域尺度	货币	美国阿拉斯加州、加利福尼亚州、内华达州等区域	通过文献数据确定不同景观类型的生态系统服务价值,评估不同规划或管理情景下的生态系统服务价值变化
Envision	美国俄勒冈州立大学	人类偏好	非公开	需要	景观尺度	物质量/货币	美国太平洋西北部地区	基于用户、空间直观的景观变化评估不同发展情景下的生态系统服务变化
EPM(Ecosystem Protfolio Model)	美国地质调查局（USGS）	人类偏好	公开	需要	景观或流域尺度	物质量/货币	美国圣克鲁斯河流域	基于多标准情景模拟框架、土地利用/覆被变化敏感模型等信息评价生态价值变化
EcoAIM(Ecosystem services Asset, Inventory and Management)	Exponent公司	人类偏好	非公开	需要	景观或流域尺度	价值指数	美国马里兰州	使用风险分析方法评估不同土地管理决策、生态学修复决策情景下的生态系统服务变化
ESValue(Valuing ecosystem services)	Entrix公司	人类偏好	非公开	需要	景观或流域尺度	价值指数	美国佛罗里达州南部地区	通过专家观点、文献数据、利益相关者偏好等确定生态系统服务相对价值,评估不同管理情景下的生态系统服务变化

表2

图1

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研究方法	数据基础	方法原理	技术平台	目的	优点	不足
统计学方法	政府部门、观测站点和样地实测等数据	相关性分析、回归分析、聚类分析、冗余分析等	SPSS、R、Matlab等	分析生态系统服务数量变化的统计特征	简单、快捷,对数据类型没有严格要求	采用离散的区域汇总数据或样点数据进行分析,掩盖了区域内部的空间异质性
空间分析方法	不同生态系统服务或环境因子的空间地图数据	地理信息系统技术	GIS软件	生态系统服务之间空间格局和尺度效应对比分析	与空间位置相联系,利于生态系统服务权衡的机理分析	时空尺度和空间数据分辨率选择很重要,可能过滤掉重要的细节信息
情景模拟分析方法	空间化的情景预案数据	不同土地利用动态、农业管理模式、森林经营措施等情景下的生态系统服务动态变化模拟	Clue-s、SWAT、InVEST等情景模拟模型和GIS软件共同实现	不同情景下生态系统服务之间空间格局和尺度效应的对比分析	生态系统服务权衡动态变化的研究和预测	情景预案的科学性和合理性
服务流动性分析方法	生态系统服务供给—传输—利用过程的所有特征数据	网络分析技术原理	ARIES模型、GIS软件	生态系统服务供给量、需求量、传输路径的空间格局和尺度特征的对比分析	涵盖了生态系统服务供给—传输—利用整个过程	目前只应用于粮食生产、渔业养殖等少数服务类型权衡研究,需要程序编写技术