中小城市家庭生活用能碳排放空间分异——以开封市为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201608008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用2015年开封市居民家庭生活用能的大样本问卷调查数据,采用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和标准差椭圆（SDE）方法,探索城市居住区家庭生活用能碳排放空间分布特征。结果表明：① 家庭生活用能碳排放存在以热点区为主的空间正相关特性,碳排放高值集聚发生在城市新建开发区和建成区向外扩张较快区域,以2000年以后新建高档商品房小区和机关事业单位家属院为主,低值集聚区则发生在建成时间长、后续开发力度小的区域,以老商品房小区和胡同社区为主;② 开封市家庭电力消耗碳排放占生活用能总碳排放的67%,但人均生活用能碳排放空间格局由供暖碳排放决定,且人均供暖碳排放空间格局又由集中供暖碳排放空间格局决定,故降低集中供暖能耗、缩小居民供暖用能差异成为居民生活用能碳减排工作的重中之重;③ 家庭经济状况、集中供暖设施分布和城市发展的空间格局是家庭生活用能碳排放空间依赖性和空间异质性形成的主要驱动因素。

关键词: 碳排放, 生活用能, 城市居民, 空间分异, 城镇化, 开封市

Abstract:

In the context of global warming, to analyse spatial differentiation patterns of carbon emissions from urban residential energy consumption is of great importance. We took the city of Kaifeng as the case area, which is one of the typical small and medium-sized cites in the north of central heating transition zone of China. This study was based on questionnaire surveys, in which there are 1433 valid answers related to 5475 residents. Using the methods as descriptive statistical analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis as well as the standard deviation ellipse analysis, we studied the spatial characteristics of the carbon emissions in term of the family-based urban resident's energy consumption in the urban area of Kaifeng city for 2015. Our study has achieved the following conclusions: (1) The carbon emissions of urban residents' energy consumption have the positive correlation in terms of spatial distribition, especially in the gathering region of high value. The high carbon emissions were observed in new urban development zone, or in the built-up area expanding faster. This is the area where there are new high-grade commercial housing estates, or the housing zone of the government-affiliated institutions. The low carbon emissions were mainly found in the region where the buildings were built up much earlier, and there is no further or less development. Mostly it is the zone with old commercial housing estate, or small local residential communities; (2) In Kaifeng city, the carbon emissions by household electricity consumption accounted for 67% of the total carbon emissions. The spatial pattern of per capita carbon emissions from residents' energy consumption was subject to heating carbon emissions, and the spatial pattern of per capita heating carbon emissions was subject to spatial pattern of central heating carbon emissions. Therefore, in order to reduce the carbon emissions of residents' energy consumption, it is important to reduce energy consumption from central heating system, and also narrow down the differences of per capita heating energy; (3) The family-based monthly income, the layout of centrally heating facilities and structure of the urban development are the main driving factors for the formation of the spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity of carbon emissions from residential energy consumption.

Key words: carbon emissions, residential energy consumption, urban residents, spatial differentiation, urbanization, Kaifeng

荣培君, 张丽君, 杨群涛, 秦小阳, 秦耀辰, 卢鹤立. 中小城市家庭生活用能碳排放空间分异——以开封市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(8): 1495-1509.

Peijun RONG, Lijun ZHANG, Quntao YANG, Xiaoyang QIN, Yaochen QIN, Heli LU. Spatial differentiation patterns of carbon emissions from residential energy consumption in small and medium-sized cities:A case study of Kaifeng[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(8): 1495-1509.

图/表 14

图1

表1

表2

家庭能耗直接碳排放计算方法"

CO₂排放项	计算公式	说明
家庭用电	C_electricity=E_e×EF_e	C_electricity为家庭用电CO₂排放量(kg),E为家庭用电量(kW $?$ h),EF为所在电网的碳排放因子,开封属于华中区域电网,值为0.9779(tCO₂/MW $?$ h)。
家庭用天然气	C_ngas=E_n×EF_n×NV_n×44/12	C_ngas为家庭用天然气CO₂排放量(kg),E_n为家庭用天然气量(m³),EF_n为天然气的碳排放系数15.3(kg/J),NV_n为平均低位热值0.038931(J)。
家庭用液化石油气	C_lpg=E_l×EF_l×NV_l×44/12	C_lpg为家庭用天然气CO₂排放量(kg),E_l为液化石油气量(m³),EF_l为液化石油气的碳排放系数17.2(kg/J),NV_g为平均低位热值0.005018(J)。
家庭用煤气	C_gas=E_g×EF_g×NV_g×44/12	C_gas为家庭用天然气CO₂排放量(kg),E_g为家庭用煤气量(m³),EF_g为天然气的碳排放系数12.1(kg/J),NV_g为平均低位热值0.017351(J)。
家庭用煤炭	C_coal=E_c×EF_c×NV_c×44/12	C_gas为家庭用煤炭CO₂排放量(kg),E_c为家庭用煤炭量(kg),EF_c为煤炭的碳排放系数25.8(kg/J),NV_c为平均低位热值0.002091(J)。
家庭集中供暖	C_warm=S×EF_w×N	C_warm为家庭用煤炭CO₂排放量(kg),S为家庭房间面积(m³),N为耗煤量指标(kg/m³),EF_w为二氧化碳排放系数2.493(kgCO₂/kg)。
总和	C_total=C_electricity+C_ngas+C_lipg+C_gas+C_coal+C_warm	C_total为家庭用煤炭CO₂排放总量(kg)。

表2

表3

图2

图3

表4

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

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变量	属性及比例（%）
家庭成员数（人）	1(0.5);2(1.2);3(41.0);4(30.5);5(26.8)
住房类型	商品房(48.5);单位集资房(13.2);经济适用房(10.2);私人建房(24.0);拆迁安置房(4.1)
住房建筑面积（m²）	<50(5.0);50~99(53.0);100~149(28.3);150~199(6.1);≥200(7.6)
家庭月收入（元）	0~2999(15.5);3000~5999(55.8);6000~8999(18.4);9000~11999(6.1);≥12000(4.1)
房屋建造年（年）	1979以前(4.4);1980~1989(12.0);1990~1999(27.3);2000~2009(43.4);2010以后(12.9)
主要采暖方式	集中供暖(47.7);煤炉(5.9);燃气壁挂炉(9.8);电器类(36.6)

能耗种类	用户比例（%）	均值	标准差	变异系数	极小值	极大值
电	100.00	8.88	3.97	0.45	1.44	21.46
天然气	84.21	2.01	1.84	0.92	0.03	19.41
液化气	13.84	0.16	0.06	0.41	0.04	0.44
煤	4.78	1.20	1.18	0.98	0.01	6.59
供暖	33.72	7.28	3.18	0.44	0.88	33.77
总碳排放	100.00	13.11	6.16	0.47	1.55	84.47

	Moran's I	Z(I)	P(I)	G(d)	E(d)	Z(d)	P(d)
户均生活碳排	0.137	3.963	0.036	0.016	0.013	3.117	0.028
人均生活碳排	0.101	2.013	0.022	0.015	0.013	2.235	0.016