西藏农牧区家庭生活用水特征及其影响因素

doi:10.11821/dlyj201610007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农村家庭用水结构调查与影响因素分析是分析农村用水情况,保障用水安全的基础。采用问卷调查和实测的方式获取西藏自治区9个县（市、区）的84个家庭的用水数据,对比分析不同家庭的用水量及用水结构,总结了西藏农村家庭用水的影响因素。研究表明：农村家庭人均生活用水量在33~38 L/d之间,家庭差异显著,主要集中在洗衣、洗菜、洗碗用水三项,家庭生活用水的主要用水项是卫生用水和厨房用水;生产方式与文化风俗习惯影响家庭用水水平,人口组成影响用水结构,常住人口数和家庭收入水平与家庭人均用水量呈现显著负相关。

关键词: 农村家庭用水, 用水结构, 影响因素, 西藏农牧区

Abstract:

The analysis of the household water consumption in rural area plays an important role in ensuring water security and relieving the contradictions between water supply and demand. In this paper, the analysis based on 84 households completed survey by questionnaire and actual measurement in 9 counties (cities, regions) in Tibet Autonomous Region. The comparison on different households has been made regarding to the water use behavior and consumption in agricultural and pastoral area.The characteristics of household water were obtained and the important influence factors to water use were also summarized.The results showed that the Tibet rural household water consumption ranged from 33 to 38 L/d, and the water consumption was significantly different among different families. The water consumption differences mainly concentrated in the laundry, vegetable-washing and dish-washing. Sanitary and kitchen water usage were occupied the most part of the daily water consumption. The household water consumption was affected by the mode of production and cultural customs, and the structure of water consumption was affected by family population composition. Household income and permanent population were negatively correlated with household per capita water use.

Key words: household water consumption, water consumption structure, influence factors, the agricultural and pastoral area, Tibet

宋邦国, 赵彤彤, 陈远生. 西藏农牧区家庭生活用水特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理研究, 2016, 35(10): 1879-1886.

Bangguo SONG, Tongtong ZHAO, Yuansheng CHEN. Household water consumption and its influence factors in the agricultural and pastoral area, Tibet[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2016, 35(10): 1879-1886.

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

研究区农村家庭生活用水量"

用水项		农区				牧区
用水项		L/人 $?$ d		比例（%）	合计(%)	L/人 $?$ d	比例（%）	合计(%)
卫生用水	洗脸用水	5.73	14	31		4.32	13	43
	洗手用水	2.96	8			4.91	15
	洗脚用水	2.67	7			3.99	12
	洗浴用水	0.67	2			1.04	3
厨房用水	洗菜用水	4.44	12	27		4.21	13	29
厨房用水	洗碗用水	5.57	15	27	5.23	16		29
洗衣用水		13.31	35	35	5.81		17	17
饮用水		2.87	7	7	3.82		11	11
总计		38.23	100	100	33.32		100	100

表5

图2

表6

参考文献 19

[1]	王瑗, 盛连喜, 李科, 等. 中国水资源现状分析与可持续发展对策研究. 水资源与水工程学报, 2008, 19(3): 10-14.
	[Wang Yuan, Sheng Lianxi, Li Ke, et al.Analysis of present situation of water resources and countermeasures for sustainable development in China. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering, 2008, 19(3): 10-14.]
[2]	陆大道, 贾绍凤, 白永平. 中国北方地区用水进入低增长和微增长阶段的必要性和可能性. 地理研究, 2014, 33(2): 203-213. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201402001
	[Lu Dadao, Jia Shaofeng, Bai Yongping.Study on the necessity and possibility of water use decrease in northern China. Geography Research, 2014, 33(2): 203-213.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201402001
[3]	樊良新. 渭河流域关中地区农村居民生活用水行为研究. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学博士学位论文, 2014.
	[Fan Liang-xin.Study of domestic water use behaviors in rural households: Insights from Shannxi Plain, the Wei River Basin, China. YangLing: Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest A&F University, 2008.]
[4]	Vewin. Dutch Drinking Water Statistics 2012. Ruswuk: Vewin, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.010 pmid: 22551934
[5]	Mayer P W, De Oreo W B, Opitz E M, et al. Residential end uses of water. Colorado: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1999.
[6]	K Rathnayaka, S Maheepala, B Nawarathna, et al.Factors affecting the variability of household water use in Melbourne, Australia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2014, (92): 85-94. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.08.012
[7]	陈惠娟. 中国城市水资源消费变化及其与经济和气候的关系. 广州: 广州大学硕士学位论文, 2007.
	[Chen Huijuan.Change of water consumption and its relationships to economy and climate in the cities of China. Guangzhou: Master Dissertation of Guangzhou University, 2007.]
[8]	陈晓光, 徐晋涛, 季永杰. 华北地区城市居民用水需求影响因素分析. 自然资源学报, 2007, 22(3): 117-122. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2007.02.015
	[Chen Xiaoguang, Xu Jintao, Ji Yongjie.Residential water demand analysis in North China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2007, 22(3): 117-122.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2007.02.015
[9]	成晋松, 吕惠进, 刘玲. 太原市用水量影响因素的灰色关联分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2012, 23(2): 112-114, 118.
	[Cheng Jinsong, Lu Huijin, Liu Ling.Grey relational analysis of influence factors on water consumption in Taiyuan city. Journal of Water Resources &Water Engineering, 2012, 23(2): 112-114, 118.]
[10]	胡峰. 城市居民生活用水需求影响因素研究: 以南通市为例. 杭州:浙江大学硕士学位论文, 2006.
	[Hu Feng.Research on determinant factors in residential water demand: Taking the case of Nantong city. Hangzhou: Master Dissertation of Zhejiang University, 2006.]
[11]	张华丽, 董婕, 延军平. 城市用水变化的驱动力研究综述. 江西农业学报, 2009, 21(11): 199-203. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8581.2009.11.063
	[Zhang Lihua, Dong Jie, Yan Junping.Literature review on driving forces of urban water changes. Acta Agricultural Jiangxi, 2009, 21(11): 199-203.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8581.2009.11.063
[12]	王亚丽, 冯利华, 赵丹丹, 等. 金华市区居民用水量影响因素的关联分析. 水资源与水工程学报, 2011, 22(3): 53-56.
	[Wang Yali, Feng Lihua, Zhao Dandan, et al.Relational analysis of influence factors on residential water consumption in Jinhua city. Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering, 2011, 22(3): 53-56.]
[13]	Martinez Espineira R.Residential water demand in the Northwest of Spain. Environmental and Resource Economics, 2002, 21(2): 161-187. doi: 10.1023/A:1014547616408
[14]	Ruben Jimenez, Redal, Alison Parker, Paul Jeffrey. Factors influencing the uptake of household water connections in peri-urban Maputo, Mozambique. Utilities Policy, 2014, 28(3): 22-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2013.11.003
[15]	Aaron Strong, Chris Goemans.The impact of real-time quantity information on residential water demand. Water Resources and Economics, 2015, 65(3): 272-279. doi: 10.1515/bejeap-2013-0050
[16]	C Mini, T S Hogue, S Pincetl.The effectiveness of water conservation measures on summer residential water use in Los Angeles, California. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2015, 94: 136-145. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.10.005
[17]	尼玛扎西. 西藏食物生产系统的区划研究. 地理研究, 2000, 19(4): 407-414.
	[Nyima Tashi.On delineation offoodproduction system in Tibet. Geography Research, 2000, 19(4): 407-414.]
[18]	沈恬, 陈远生, 杨琪. 城市家庭用水能耗强度及其影响因素分析. 资源科学, 2015, 37(4): 110-119.
	[Shen Tian, Chen Yuansheng, Yang Qi.Energy consumption in urban household water use and influencing factors. Resources Science, 2015, 37(4): 110-119.]
[19]	国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2013.
	[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2013.]

研究区	所属地区	气候类型	年降雨(mm)	平均海拔(m)	行政划分	人口数(万人)
达孜县	拉萨市	高原温带半干旱季风气候	450	4100	1镇5乡	2.9
当雄县	拉萨市	高原寒温带半干旱季风气候	456	4300	2镇6乡	3.9
仁布县	日喀则市	高原温带半干旱季风气候	450	3950	1镇8乡	3.1
那曲县	那曲地区	高原亚寒带半湿润季风气候	400	4500	3镇9乡	8.2
安多县	那曲地区	高原亚寒带半湿润季风气候	435	4500	4镇9乡	3.2
加查县	山南地区	高原温带半干旱季风气候	492	4000	2镇5乡	2.1
扎囊县	山南地区	高原温带半干旱季风气候	420	3650	2镇3乡	4.0
工布江达县	林芝市	高原温带半湿润季风气候	640	3600	3镇6乡	2.7
巴宜区	林芝市	温带湿润季风气候	654	3000	3镇2乡	6.7

地区	县	村庄	调查户数
拉萨市	达孜县、当雄县	新仓村、拉根村、羊益村、曲登羊阁村、巴嘎当村、郭庆村	51
那曲地区	那曲县、安多县	曲果仁毛村、岗尼村	23
山南市	扎囊县、加查县	布姆村、嘎杂村	3
林芝地市	工布江达县、巴宜区	章迈村、布久村、纳麦村、林则村、	6
日喀则市	仁布县	孔培村	1
总计	9	15	84

调查项目	类别	频数	比例(%)
家庭人口数（人）	≤2	4	4.7
	3~4	23	27
	5~6	29	34
	≥7	26	31
家庭常住人口数（人）	≤2	19	22
	3~4	40	47
	5~6	18	21
	≥7	7	8
常住人口年龄分布（岁）	≤15	86	26.3
	16~30	48	14.7
	31~60	116	35.6
	≥60	76	23.4
生产方式	农户	32	38
	牧户	52	62

统计项	受调查家庭			农区			牧区
统计项	家庭用水量（L/d）		人均用水量（L/d）		家庭用水量（L/d）	人均用水量（L/d）	家庭用水量（L/d）	人均用水量（L/d）
最高	342.1	114.0		342.1	114.0		243.5	62.4
最低	27.7	11.85		42.5	14.1		27.7	11.85
平均	125.1	35.1		120.1	38.2		128.1	33.3

	家庭常住人口数	家庭年收入
Pearson相关性	-0.383	-0.243
Sig.	0.000	0.000