开平碉楼与村落防御功能格局的时空演变

doi:10.11821/dlyj201701010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界文化遗产开平碉楼与村落作为侨乡聚落防御的代表,有其独特的分布特征和空间格局。利用空间计量分析方法,揭示开平聚落防御功能格局的时空特征和演变过程。研究表明：① 在开平市域内形成多个以更楼为中心的碉楼与聚落集聚区,表明公共防御属于众多聚落的共同需求,以此为基础构建防御功能单元;② 通过系统聚类,可将防御功能单元分为公共防御—内陆型、公共防御—要道型和公共防御—联防型三种类型;③ 市域防御功能格局于1910年代初步形成,在1930年代发展成熟,经历了起步期,成型期,成熟期和稳定期四个阶段;④ 防御功能格局在起步期呈现“散点分布”,在成型期呈现“多点集聚”,最终在成熟期形成“一核三带”的空间分布特征。

关键词: 防御功能单元, 时空特征, 防御功能格局, 空间计量分析, 开平碉楼与村落

Abstract:

Carl O. Sauer pointed out that environmental response was nothing more than a specific cultural option with regard to the habitat at a particular time. Cultural landscape is derived from the environmental response of cultural groups in specific areas, which reflects the most basic survival needs of human beings. Settlement defense is a kind of environmental response which is faced with external threats. The consciousness of defense has a profound influence on settlements. Kaiping Diaolou was a kind of defensive building in dispersed settlements with its unique geographical characteristics and spatial pattern. It provided the necessary defensive function for Kaiping settlements during the period of unrest. Evolution of pattern is one of the most important research topics in settlement geography. For Kaiping settlements, the construction of Kaiping Diaolou had reconstructed the existing settlement pattern and formed the defensive functional pattern. The research of defensive functional pattern is a necessary precondition for understanding the process of the environmental response of Kaiping settlements. This paper takes Kaiping Diaolou as the main object of study. Based on mathematical statistics and spatial econometric analysis, it reveals the spatial-temporal characteristics and defensive functional pattern of Kaiping settlements. This study has shown several conclusions as below: (1) In overall distribution, the characteristic of watch towers' agglomeration was quite different from communal towers and residential towers. Watch towers was relatively dispersed and developed a plurality of agglomeration in the county. (2) According to the characteristics of the village, traffic, terrain and banditry, the defensive functional units could be divided into three types: Inland-Defensive Functional Type, Traffic-Defensive Functional Type and Zone-Defensive Functional Type. (3) The development of defensive functional pattern could be divided into four stages: starting, molding, maturity and stable stages. (4) The evolution of settlement defensive functional pattern was summarized as follows: from "scattered points spreading" in the starting stage to "multiple points gathering" in the molding stage, and finally formed the "one core-three belts" defensive functional pattern in the maturity stage.

Key words: defensive functional unit, spatial-temporal characteristic, defensive functional pattern, spatial econometric analysis, Kaiping Diaolou and villages

梁雄飞, 阴劼, 杨彬, 宋铮. 开平碉楼与村落防御功能格局的时空演变[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(1): 121-133.

Xiongfei LIANG, Jie YIN, Bin YANG, Zheng SONG. The spatial-temporal evolution of Kaiping Diaolou andVillages' defensive functional pattern[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(1): 121-133.

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类型	公共防御—内陆型	公共防御—要道型	共防御—联防型
数量（个）	52	76	39
河流距离（km）	1.3	0.5	1.2
道路距离（km）	1.2	0.5	0.6
集镇距离（km）	3.1	1.3	1.4
地形高差（m）	0.9	0.1	0.3
众楼核密度（个/km²）	2.1	5.6	8.8
居楼核密度（个/km²）	5.7	9.6	43.3
村落斑块核密度（个/km²）	2.2	3.9	5.6
村落斑块面积（hm²）	1.5	3.4	4.2
匪巢距离（km）	12.5	9.0	13.6

年份	1880年	1900年	1910年	1920年	1930年	1949年
最邻近比率	2.44	0.68	0.62	0.43	0.41	0.41
Z得分	6.16	-3.20	-4.51	-10.98	-14.11	-14.52