旅游地空间竞争规律探究——以湖南省为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201702010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游地空间竞争是旅游地理学的经典课题,研究意义重大。按照理论演绎—假设提出—实证检验的范式,从旅游者目的地选择时空行为视角重新审视和辨析旅游地空间竞争现象,并据此提出相关理论假设,再以湖南省为研究区域,采用问卷调查获得市场对目的地选择的基础数据,对假设进行检验,得出旅游地空间竞争的4项基本规律：① 旅游地竞争优势等级处于不均衡的动态变化中;② 旅游地竞争优势的轮换式消长形成客源轮换机会分布的分级圈层结构;③ 旅游地轮换式竞争格局体现在消费者出游决策次序的先后排布;④ 细分市场的选择偏好增强旅游地轮换机会分布的均等化趋向。研究进一步揭示了旅游地空间竞争时空格局的内在逻辑,拓宽了旅游地空间竞争的研究视角,同时给旅游地发展以及区域旅游的开发和管理实践提供新的参考。

关键词: 选择, 旅游地, 旅游者, 空间竞争, 规律

Abstract:

Destination spatial competition is a classic topic in the field of tourism geography and provides meaningful research for maximizing visits to a particular destination. This paper reports on a study to reexamine and explore destination competition rules based on destination choice behavior following the research paradigm that includes theory deduction, proposal of a hypothesis and empirical study. First, a research hypothesis was proposed for destination spatial competition rules using current destination choice and destination competitive literatures as a foundation. Second, an empirical study was conducted aimed at testing these hypotheses. Specifically, using the concept of a relational data model usually applied to social network analysis for reference, an analytical tool called a "circulant matrix" was developed for describing the dynamic changes of destination choice. Then, a case study was conducted using Hunan province, China as the chosen region for analysis. A method of systematic sampling (n=1913) was adopted to collect data in Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan province, using a structured questionnaire. Participants were asked to report their demographics and which 31 destinations within Hunan province (excluding the Changsha urban area) they have or would choose in two cross-sections (i.e., destinations that tourists have chosen over the past years and those they will choose in the future). Finally, the analysis of the sample database revealed four important basic competitive rules, including: (1) The levels of destination competitive advantage change dynamically, but the extent of this change is not equal for every destination; (2) Owing to rotating destination choice behavior (i.e., tourists take turns choosing a destination from among a set within a region), the regional tourism spatial competitive process is characterized by this rotation, meaning the distribution of opportunity exhibits a hierarchical structure and thus a specific set of destinations will receive more chances compared with others; (3) The pattern of rotation is influenced by consumers' decision-making order regarding destinations; and (4) Different tourists' preferences contribute to increasing the trend of rotated equalization among all destinations. This study sheds new light on the inherent logic of destination spatial-temporal competition patterns and broadens the perspective of destination spatial competition research. Additionally, these findings provide new practical implications for regional tourism development and management.

Key words: choice, destination, tourist, spatial competition, rules

许春晓, 王甫园, 王开泳, 李萍. 旅游地空间竞争规律探究——以湖南省为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(2): 321-335.

Chunxiao XU, Fuyuan WANG, Kaiyong WANG, Ping LI. Exploring destination spatial competition rules:A case study of Hunan province[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(2): 321-335.

图/表 8

表1

样本旅游景区概况"

旅游景区	代码	所在行政区	简介
秋收起义文家市会师纪念馆	D₁	长沙市浏阳市	国家3A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
杨开慧纪念馆	D₂	长沙市长沙县	国家4A级旅游景区
宁乡花明楼景区	D₃	长沙市宁乡县	国家5A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
胡耀邦故里旅游区	D₄	长沙市浏阳市	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
大围山森林公园	D₅	长沙市浏阳市	国家4A级旅游景区,国家地质公园,国家森林公园
长沙其他景区	D₆	-	长沙市三县（市）内的其他景区
韶山旅游区	D₇	湘潭市韶山市	国家5A级旅游景区,国家风景名胜区,全国重点文物保护单位
水府旅游区	D₈	湘潭湘乡市、娄底市娄星区和双峰县结合处	国家3A级旅游景区
湘潭彭德怀纪念馆	D₉	湘潭市湘潭县	国家4A级旅游景区
湘乡东山书院旅游区	D₁₀	湘潭市湘乡市	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
茶陵工农兵政府旧址	D₁₁	株洲市茶陵县	国家3A级旅游景区
炎帝陵旅游区	D₁₂	株洲市炎陵县	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
炎陵县红军标语博物馆	D₁₃	株洲市炎陵县	国家3A级旅游景区
酒埠江风景区	D₁₄	株洲市攸县	国家3A级旅游景区,国家地质公园
武陵源—天门山旅游区	D₁₅	张家界市武陵源区、永定区	国家5A级旅游景区,武陵源为世界自然遗产
凤凰古城旅游区	D₁₆	湘西土家族苗族自治州凤凰县	国家4A级旅游景区
岳阳楼—君山岛旅游区	D₁₇	岳阳市岳阳楼区、君山区	国家5A级旅游景区,国家级风景名胜区
南岳衡山旅游区	D₁₈	衡阳市南岳区	国家5A级旅游景区,国家级风景名胜区
紫鹊界梯田旅游区	D₁₉	娄底市新化县	国家4A级旅游景区,国家级风景名胜区
桃花源旅游区	D₂₀	常德市桃源县	国家4A级旅游景区
崀山旅游区	D₂₁	邵阳市新宁县	国家4A级旅游景区,世界自然遗产
九嶷山舜帝陵景区	D₂₂	永州市宁远县	国家4A级旅游景区
柳宗元文化旅游区	D₂₃	永州市零陵区	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
平江起义纪念馆	D₂₄	岳阳市平江县	国家3A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
柳叶湖旅游度假区	D₂₅	常德市武陵区	国家4A级旅游景区
芷江抗战受降旧址	D₂₆	怀化芷江侗族自治县	国家4A级旅游景区
曾国藩故里旅游区	D₂₇	娄底市双峰县	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
南山牧场景区	D₂₈	邵阳市城步苗族自治县	国家3A级旅游景区,国家级风景名胜区
皇都侗文化村	D₂₉	怀化市通道侗族自治县	国家3A级旅游景区
洪江古商城	D₃₀	怀化市洪江市	国家4A级旅游景区,全国重点文物保护单位
省内其他	D₃₁	-	长沙市以外的省内其他旅游区

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

表3

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类别	机会指数均值的区间	标准差区间
第1类：D₁₅'武陵源—天门山、D₁₆'凤凰古城旅游区	0.2754~0.3404	0.069~0.089
第2类：D₂₉'皇都侗文化村	0.2889	0.1344
第3类：D₇'韶山、D₁₂'炎帝陵、D₈'水府旅游区、D₉'湘潭彭德怀纪念馆、D₁₉'紫鹊界梯田风景名胜区、D₅'大围山森林公园、D₂₁'崀山、D₆'长沙市其他	0.1514~0.2314	0.046~0.084
第4类：D₁₈'南岳衡山、D₁₇'岳阳楼—君山岛、D₃₀'洪江古商城、D₂₀'桃花源、D₃₁'省内其他、D₂₇'曾国藩故里、D₃'宁乡花明楼、D₁₄'酒埠江、D₁₁'工农兵政府旧址	0.1003~0.1464	0.031~0.055
第5类：D₂₅'柳叶湖、D₂₈'南山牧场景区、D₂₆'芷江抗战受降旧址、D₂₄'平江起义纪念馆、D₄'胡耀邦故里、D₂₃'零陵古城、D₁₃'炎陵县红军标语博物馆、D₁'秋收起义文家市会师纪念馆、D₂'杨开慧纪念馆、D₁₀'湘乡东山书院旅游区、D₂₂'九嶷山舜帝陵	0.0280~0.0763	0.020~0.043

出游频次（1~2次）	出游频次（5次及以上）
第1类：D₁₅'武陵源—天门山旅游区、D₁₆'凤凰古城旅游区	第1类：D₁'秋收起义文家市会师纪念馆、D₂'杨开慧纪念馆、D₁₀'湘乡东山书院旅游区、D₂₈'南山牧场景区、D₃'宁乡花明楼、D₂₅'柳叶湖旅游度假区、D₂₆'芷江抗战受降旧址、D₄'胡耀邦故里、D₁₃'炎陵县红军标语博物馆、D₂₂'九嶷山舜帝陵景区、D₂₄'平江起义纪念馆
第2类：D₇'韶山旅游区、D₂₉'皇都侗文化村、D₈'水府旅游区	第2类：D₈'水府旅游区、D₁₉'紫鹊界、D₁₅'武陵源—天门山旅游区、D₁₆'凤凰古城旅游区
第3类：D₅'大围山森林公园、D₂₁'崀山、D₁₂'炎帝陵、D₁₇'岳阳楼—君山岛、D₁₉'紫鹊界梯田风景名胜区、D₆'长沙市其他	第3类：D₇'韶山旅游区、D₁₂'炎帝陵、D₆'长沙市其他、 D₂₇'曾国藩故里、D₃₀'洪江古商城、D₅'大围山森林公园、D₉湘潭彭德怀纪念馆
第4类：D₂₀'桃花源、D₃₀'洪江古商城、D₁₈'南岳衡山、D₃'宁乡花明楼、D₉'湘潭彭德怀纪念馆、D₁'秋收起义文家市会师纪念馆、D₂'杨开慧纪念馆、D₄'胡耀邦故里、D₁₄'酒埠江、D₂₇'曾国藩故里、D₁₁'工农兵政府旧址	第4类：D₂₉'皇都侗文化村
第5类：D₂₄'平江起义纪念馆、D₂₈'南山牧场景区、D₂₃'柳宗元文化旅游区、D₂₅'柳叶湖旅游度假区、D₂₆'芷江抗战受降旧址、D₃₁'省内其他、D₁₃'炎陵县红军标语博物馆、D₂₂'九嶷山舜帝陵、D₁₀'湘乡东山书院旅游区	第5类：D₁₁'工农兵政府旧址、D₁₄'酒埠江、D₂₃'柳宗元文化旅游区、D₁₈'南岳衡山、D₂₀'桃花源、D₁₇'岳阳楼—君山岛、D₂₁'崀山、D₃₁'省内其他