论自然保护地与国家生态安全格局构建

doi:10.11821/dlyj201703002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

科学评估自然保护地与国家生态安全格局的关系是合理开展自然保护地建设和国家生态安全格局构建的重要基础。以中国国家重点生态功能区、生物多样性保护优先区和国家级自然保护区等自然保护地为研究对象,定量分析自然保护地的时空分布特征及其对保障国家生态安全的重要作用,基于生态系统服务重要性评估辨识国家生态安全格局构建的空间缺失,面向国家生态安全构建和保障需求提出生态保护管控对策建议。结果表明：① 自然保护地总面积为488.42万km²,占陆地国土面积的51.38%。生态系统类型以草地、森林、荒漠等自然生态系统为主,三种生态系统的总面积为371.24万km²,占自然保护地总面积的76.0%。2000-2010年,自然保护地的生态系统构成整体稳定,对保护生态空间稳定性和生态安全格局稳定发挥了重要作用。不同类型生态系统之间有少量转化,不同自然保护地内生态系统转换特征略有差异。② 综合水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性保护等生态系统服务重要性评估,自然保护地的生态系统服务极重要区和重要区总面积为321.4万km²,占区域国土总面积的66.02%。森林、草地和灌丛生态系统是水源涵养、土壤保持、维护生物多样性等生态系统服务主体。2000-2010年,水源涵养、土壤保持功能有所改善,但生物多样性维护功能无明显变化。③ 生态系统服务极重要区的31.7%没有在自然保护地内,是今后国家生态安全格局构建和自然保护地建设需要重点关注的区域。面向国家生态安全构建和保障需求,迫切需要基于国家治理模式、建立最严格保护制度,提高自然规律认知水平、强化生态系统综合管理,完善分类分区管理、强化自然保护地管控,完善生态补偿机制、建立协同保护制度,加强生态保护综合监管、严格生态损害责任追究。

关键词: 自然保护地, 生态安全, 生态系统服务

Abstract:

Scientific evaluation of the relationship between nature protection zones and national ecological security is the important foundation to guide the development of nature protection zones and the construction of national ecological security pattern. In the case of the national key ecological function zones, biodiversity conservation priority zones and national reserves, spatio-temporal distribution of natural protection zones and its important role in safeguarding national ecological security were analyzed quantitatively. This article also identified the lack of national ecological security pattern based on ecological system service assessment, put forward the ecological protection management and control suggestions for the demand of national ecological security construction and security. Results show that: (1) The total area of natural protection zones was 4.88 million square kilometers, accounting for 51.38% of the national land area. Grassland, forest and desert were the main ecosystems and had an area of 3.71 million square kilometers, accounting for 76.0% of the national protection zones area. Between 2000 and 2010, ecological system was basically stable in the national protection zones. There was only a small amount of transformation between different ecosystems. The characteristics of ecosystem transformation in different natural protection zones were slightly different. This had played an important role in protecting the stability of the ecological space and ecological security pattern. (2) Comprehensive consideration of ecosystem services importance in water conservation, soil conservation and biodiversity maintenance showed that the area of extremely important and important ecosystem services zones of natural protection zones was 3.21 million square kilometers, accounting for 66.02% of the national land area. Forest, grassland and shrub were the subject of the ecosystem services. Overall, during the 2000-2010 period, water conservation and soil conservation had improved. There was no obvious change of biodiversity maintenance. (3) The area of extremely important ecosystem services zones was 3.26 million square kilometers, accounting for 34.4% of the national land area. The 31.7% area of extremely important ecosystem services zones was not in the natural protection zones. Complementing and improving the existing natural protection zones were needed to construct the national ecological security pattern based on scientific demonstration. (4) It is urgent to establish a strict protection system for national ecological security construction and safeguard demand based on national governance model. Also, we should raise the cognitive level of natural law to enhance the comprehensive management of ecological system, upgrade the classification and zoning management to upgrade natural protection zones, improve the ecological compensation mechanism for establishing cooperative protection system, and strengthen the comprehensive supervision of ecological protection to minimize ecological damage.

Key words: natural reserve, ecological security, ecosystem service

侯鹏, 杨旻, 翟俊, 刘晓曼, 万华伟, 李静, 蔡明勇, 刘慧明. 论自然保护地与国家生态安全格局构建[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3): 420-428.

Peng HOU, Min YANG, Jun ZHAI, Xiaoman LIU, Huawei WAN, Jing LI, Mingyong CAI, Huiming LIU. Discussion about natural reserve and construction ofnational ecological security pattern[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(3): 420-428.

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不同类型空间重叠区	面积（万km²）	占各类生态保护区域的面积比例（%）
不同类型空间重叠区	面积（万km²）	重点生态功能区	生物多样性保护优先区	国家级自然保护区	所有类型保护区
重点生态功能区和生物多样性保护优先区	172.90	45.78	62.59	-	35.40
国家级自然保护区和生物多样性保护优先区	84.85	-	30.72	87.92	17.37
重点生态功能区和国家级自然保护区	72.79	19.28	-	75.42	14.90
重点生态功能区、生物多样性保护优先区和国家级自然保护区	69.20	18.32	25.05	71.70	14.17