城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用

doi:10.11821/dlyj201703007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海岸带地区是中国乃至全球人口最稠密、城市化进程最快的区域,其生态风险与安全问题是关系人群和区域可持续发展的关键。运用景观生态学和景观生态安全格局理论方法,以厦门海岛型城市向海湾型城市战略转型这一快速、大规模城市化进程为大背景,提出基于2006-2015年城市不透水面变化率、风险受体敏感指标和生态红线管控的景观生态风险空间预警模型,与通过景观源—汇理论构建的景观生态安全格局相叠加,揭示厦门市景观生态安全格局在快速城市化的胁迫下现状与未来潜在风险状态,进而提出调控措施。研究表明：① 城市区域景观生态风险明显升高,风险预警高值区与ISA分布情况保持了较好的一致性,主要分布在以九溪流域、马銮湾、杏林湾、同安湾等港湾快速城市化区域,该部分地区城市沿河口空间外扩迅速,不透水面增长较快,对沿海湿地的侵占围填也较为严重,未来面临湿地或保护区破坏的生态风险较大。② 生态风险预警结果与景观生态安全格局相叠加,识别出区域景观生态安全格局中处于风险状态的关键源、缓冲区、廊道、战略点,设计规划未来厦门港湾区域景观生态安全优化格局,提出景观生态恢复与重建措施。将生态风险预警方法与景观生态安全格局调控设计相结合,能为城市区域环境管理与景观调控提供科学支撑。

关键词: 城市化, 生态风险, 生态安全, 景观格局, 调控, 预警

Abstract:

Coastal zone is the most popular area and also the fastest urbanization area in China and even in the whole world. The ecological risk and security in the coastal region is the key component for the people and regional sustainable development. This study uses the theories and methodologies of landscape ecology and landscape security patterns and applies them to Xiamen city, which is under rapid urbanization progress, as a strategic transformation from its original island-based city to a new larger bay-area-based city. Xiamen case study highlights the need for effective methods for early-warning analysis at landscape level, with reference to the long-term urban development of the bay-area city. This study proposes a landscape ecological risk spatial warning model based on the integrated impervious surface area (ISA) change, risk receptor sensitivity and ecological red line governance to predict ecological early warning in Xiamen city during the rapid urbanization context of 2006-2015. The results overlap with landscape ecological security pattern built by "source" and "sink" theory to reveal current and potential risk pushing the implementation of governance. Our research reveals the following two findings: (1) The level of regional ecological risk deepens while the high risk warning values are in accordance with ISA distribution on the rapid urbanization areas. Tongan Bay, Xinglin Bay and Maluan Bay are typical areas faced with high ecological risk due to the reclamation and sprawl of ISA. (2) Overlaid with landscape ecological security pattern, we identify the likely landscape early-warning characteristics of changes to strategic sources, key nodes, ecological corridors and buffer zones of bay-area wetlands, and the consequent effect on the wetlands and regional ecosystem, resulting from the urban sprawl and proposed urban development. In the identification and assessment of landscape change and safety, it is important to take into account the design of a potential safety pattern within the landscape. The implementation of landscape ecological restoration and rehabilitation of wetlands in the early-warning region would allow a better integration of landscape and ecological safety into urban-regional planning and decision-making, which can further promote a sustainable planning system.

Key words: rapid urbanization, ecological risk, ecological security, landscape pattern, regulation, early warning

李杨帆, 林静玉, 孙翔. 城市区域生态风险预警方法及其在景观生态安全格局调控中的应用[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3): 485-494.

Yangfan LI, Jingyu LIN, Xiang SUN. An early warning method on ecological risk and its application to improve landscape ecological security pattern regulation[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(3): 485-494.

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厦门港湾湿地景观生态恢复与重建方案设计"

名称	关键位置与范围	规划与保护目标	调控措施
同安湾(东咀港)湿地片区	节点4#至9#间的两条廊道及其缓冲区、节点3#与4#缓冲区、节点3#与4#至节点15#的廊道及其缓冲区	开阔水域、湿地多样性生境	① 严格控制围填规模 ② 合理确定清淤区域和深度 ③ 恢复红树林、沙滩等典型湿地生态系统（下潭尾湿地公园） ④ 保护并逐步恢复文昌鱼栖息的湿地环境
杏林湾湿地片区	节点2#缓冲区、节点2#至源1廊道及其缓冲区、节点2#至6#廊道及其缓冲区	开阔水域、湿地多样性生境	① 控制节点2#与源1间廊道西南侧填海造地规模,缓冲区范围内严格限制填海造地工程 ② 节点2#至6#廊道缓冲区范围退围还海,廊道上快速退化区（距节点2#3 km处）进行清淤整治,适当扩充人工湿地面积缓解湿地景观破碎化
马銮湾湿地片区	节点1#缓冲区、节点1#至源1廊道及其缓冲区	开阔水域、湿地多样性生境	① 节点1#至源1廊道马銮湾海域内退围还海; ② 马銮湾湿地公园保护和建设。
同安湾(浔江)湿地片区	翔安隧道两端临近海域	维持浔江内珍稀海洋生物稳定的生存环境	合理安排翔安隧道建设工程施工时序和区域,严格回避白海豚繁殖的主要季节,回避鸟类越冬期（11月-4月）,减小工程对海洋生物的影响
西港湿地片区	东屿至大屿海域、高崎码头至石油码头海域	维持西港珍稀海洋生物稳定的生存环境、构筑生态岸线	① 合理安排翔安隧道建设工程施工时序和区域,严格回避白海豚繁殖的主要季节,回避鸟类越冬期（11月-4月）,减小工程对海洋生物的影响 ② 关键源内禁止填海造地工程,控制西港西侧海沧区黄金海岸房地产建设填海造地规模 ③ 西港东西海岸建设生态防护林,构筑软质生态护岸
官浔溪流域片区	节点3#至11#廊道及其缓冲区、节点11#至源6廊道及其缓冲区	保证生物洄游畅通、较少入河泥沙、维持河流环境容量、防止源6水土流失和滑坡	① 源6缓冲区内坡度大于35度区域退耕还林、加强护坡灌丛、生态林恢复建设 ② 官浔溪缓冲区范围特别是节点处控制面源污染和点源污染,减少建设用地、农业用地对河岸滩湿地的无序侵占 ③ 加强沿岸防护林和水源涵养林建设 ④ 控制湿地面源污染和点源污染
九溪流域片区	节点5#、13#、14#缓冲区、节点5#至16#廊道及其缓冲区、节点10#至13#廊道及其缓冲区	增加滩涂湿地多样性、保证生物洄游畅通、较少入河泥沙、维持河流环境容量	① 严格实施大嶝新机场工程的负面环境影响缓解措施 ② 九溪入海口开辟红树林湿地及潮间带红树林修复,沿海的堤岸维护和近海岸线景观建设 ③ 九溪、内田溪缓冲区范围特别是节点处控制面源污染和点源污染,减少建设用地、农业用地对河岸滩湿地的无序侵占
许溪与苎溪流域片区	节点6#至源6廊道及其缓冲区、源6在该流域的缓冲区范围	保证生物洄游畅通、较少入河泥沙、维持河流环境容量、防止源6水土流失和滑坡	① 节点6#、节点6#至源6廊道缓冲区范围控制工业区开发建设对其的侵占 ② 调整节点6#至源6廊道缓冲区范围内水库坑塘零星分散的破碎化格局 ③ 源6缓冲区内坡度大于35度区域退耕还林、加强护坡灌丛、生态林恢复建设 ④ 加强沿岸防护林和水源涵养林建设 ⑤ 控制湿地面源污染和点源污染

表3

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源编号	源名称
1	西海域港口环境与珍稀海洋生物保持湿地
2	同安湾口港口环境与珍稀海洋生物保持湿地
3	厦门东侧海域湿地
4	西部低山丘陵水土保持与生态林保育地
5	石兜—板头水库饮用水源重点保护区
6	西北部低山丘陵水土保持与生态林保育地
7	汀溪水库饮用水源重点保护区
8	东北部低山丘陵水土保持与生态林保育地
9	万石山森林公园
10	蔡尖尾山生态林保育地

生态节点类型	生态节点名称(编号)
河流入海口	深青溪入海口(1#)、后溪入海口(2#)、官浔溪入海口(3#)、东西溪入海口(4#)、九溪入海口(5#)
河流交叉点	许溪与苎溪交叉点(6#)、汀溪与西溪交叉点(7#)、西溪与东溪汇集点(8#)、西溪与东溪分叉点(9#)、内田溪与九溪交叉点(10#)、官浔溪上游分叉点(11#)、东溪中游分叉点(12#)、内田溪上游分叉点(13#)、九溪上游分叉点(14#)
面积较小的湿地自然保护区	鳄鱼屿周围湿地(15#)、角屿周围湿地(16#)
本岛孤立湿地核心生境	筼筜湖(17#)、湖边水库(18#)