基于降水量与土壤类型的北方农牧交错区土地利用/覆被格局及变化分析——以科尔沁左翼后旗为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201707002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于降水、土壤、遥感与农户调研数据,利用遥感解译、面积加权重心、景观格局等方法,探讨科尔沁左翼后旗的土地利用/覆被格局及其变化。研究表明：土地利用/覆被空间分异明显,草地是最适宜的土地利用/覆被类型。相对优质的土壤被优先用于农牧业,符合当地半农半牧的生产方式;但47.70%的风沙土耕地说明土地已被过度开发利用为耕地。科尔沁左翼后旗土地利用/覆被变化剧烈,且以耕地与林地、草地的转换为主,阻止其转换是生态恢复的关键;变化耕地的土壤类型以风沙土和草甸土为主,风沙土变化耕地应当逐步退耕,草甸土变化耕地应注意地力的保持。基于研究结果,提出“退耕还林还草”在北方农牧交错区的实施应综合考虑对种植业与畜牧业的影响。

关键词: 北方农牧交错区, 土地利用/覆被, 降水量, 土壤类型, 科尔沁左翼后旗

Abstract:

The northern agro-pastoral ecotone is a fragile region in ecology and environment in China and land sandy desertification is the prominent eco-environment problem in this region. It is significant to explore the characteristics of land use/cover pattern and soil properties of changed land use/cover for ecological restoration in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. By taking Horqin Left Rear Banner located in Inner Mongolia as a case study and using remote sensing data, precipitation data and soil data, land use/cover pattern and its changes were studied with methods of remote sensing imagery interpretation, area weighted gravity center model, and landscape indexes. Results were obtained as follows: (1) Land use/cover pattern had an obvious spatial differentiation and grassland was the optimum land use/cover type in Horqin Left Rear Banner. (2) Soils with high soil fertility and rich water resources were used as cultivated land and grassland in the first place. This was in accordance with the agriculture and animal husbandry production mode in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China; sandy soil is low in soil fertility, poor in water retention and has no soil structure; however, 47.70% of sandy soil was used as cultivated land, indicating that land was over reclaimed into cultivated land in the banner. (3) Land use/cover change was dramatic in this region, and the transformation between cultivated land and forest land/grassland was dominant in land use/cover change. Thus, it was crucial to prevent the transformation between cultivated land and forest land/grassland for ecological restoration in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. The converted cultivated land was mostly distributed on sandy soil and meadow soil. Thus, farming fields converted from forests and grasslands on sandy soil must be stopped for the sake of ecological restoration. The converted cultivated land distributed on meadow soil should be fertilized in land use. Based on the results above, the implementation of "Grain for Green" policy has an effect on planting industry and animal husbandry in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. To get better ecological restoration effects, influences in two ways should be taken into consideration simultaneously in the "Grain for Green" policy implementation in the study region. This study can make references for ecological restoration in the agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China.

Key words: agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China, land use/cover, precipitation, soil types, Horqin Left Rear Banner

周建, 张凤荣, 徐艳, 高阳, 张佰林, 李超. 基于降水量与土壤类型的北方农牧交错区土地利用/覆被格局及变化分析——以科尔沁左翼后旗为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(7): 1210-1222.

Jian ZHOU, Fengrong ZHANG, Yan XU, Yang GAO, Bailin ZHANG, Chao LI. Analysis of land use/cover pattern and its changes in the agro-pastoral ecotone based on the precipitation and soil types:A case study of Horqin Left Rear Banner[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(7): 1210-1222.

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年份	行列号	数据类型	成像时间	影像云量（%）	数据来源
2001	30/119	ETM+	8月11日	0	Gscloud
2001	30/120	ETM+	9月03日	0	USGS
2008	30/119	TM5	8月06日	0	USGS
2008	30/120	TM5	8月29日	0	USGS
2013	30/119	OLI	7月03日	11.53	Gscloud
	30/119	OLI	9月05日	12.91	Gscloud
	30/120	OLI	9月12日	0.02	Gscloud

类型	定义	类型	定义
耕地	指用于农业生产的土地,包括旱地、水田、水浇地	建设用地	建设建筑物、构筑物的区域,包括农村居民点、城镇、工矿、道路等
林地	指乔木林地	水域	指有水体存在的区域
草地	包括草地、灌丛草地	沙地	指地表没有植被覆盖的完全沙化土地

土地利用/覆被	2001年			2008年			2013年
土地利用/覆被	面积（hm²）		比例（%）		面积（hm²）	比例（%）	面积（hm²）	比例（%）
耕地	280115.28	24.37		270411.80	23.53		299600.60	26.07
林地	35161.20	3.06		66398.76	5.78		78600.96	6.84
草地	710668.89	61.84		664884.40	57.85		612835.70	53.33
建设用地	32927.67	2.87		40509.09	3.52		67577.40	5.88
水域	12813.03	1.11		16152.93	1.41		18442.17	1.60
沙地	77547.69	6.75		90876.87	7.91		72177.03	6.28

景观格局指数	2001年			2008年				2013年
景观格局指数	耕地		林地	草地	耕地	林地	草地	耕地	林地	草地
平均斑块面积(hm²)	18.29	2.49	54.40	21.70	2.07	40.33		17.17	2.44	31.80
分离度指数	530.51	149003.45	8.91	672.52	64493.38	10.74		370.97	78107.10	15.71

土壤亚类	耕地	林地	草地	沙地	水域	建设用地
草甸沼泽土	42.64	7.40	31.99	0.90	8.11	8.96
泥炭土	79.27	1.65	1.39	0.00	1.54	16.15
草甸土	46.74	8.39	32.04	1.19	1.83	9.81
草甸碱土	31.27	5.59	41.89	1.96	5.54	13.75
流动风沙土	6.74	3.18	72.20	12.90	0.67	4.31
半固定风沙土	9.62	4.91	72.37	9.89	0.28	2.93
固定风沙土	31.92	11.12	47.85	4.34	0.28	4.49