围垦及米草入侵下江苏中部滨海湿地土地利用/覆被类型动态变化

doi:10.11821/dlyj201708007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过1979年、1991年、2003年和2015年四期的遥感影像,研究1979-2015年间江苏中部滨海湿地的围垦及米草入侵的动态变化及二者影响下土地利用/覆被类型的演化过程。结果表明：1979-2015年,围垦和米草边界总体上不断向海推进,不同岸段推进速度存在差异。围垦面积持续加速增长,各段平均增速为3.43 km²/yr,米草面积在1991-2003年间增速最快,各段平均增速0.89 km²/yr,2002年以后增速下降,为-0.03 km²/yr。芦苇滩涂和碱蓬滩涂转化为围垦的面积占围垦土地来源的比例持续下降,米草滩涂和光滩的这一比例持续上升,对米草滩涂的围垦主要位于方塘河口以北,对光滩的围垦主要位于方塘河口以南。芦苇滩涂、碱蓬滩涂和光滩对米草滩涂面积的贡献为：光滩>碱蓬滩涂>芦苇滩涂。研究区演化路径总体呈现光滩—盐生植被—围垦的方向,但存在缩短趋势;米草入侵挤占了本地盐生植被的扩张空间。

关键词: 滨海湿地, 土地利用/覆被, 围垦, 米草入侵, 演化方向, 江苏

Abstract:

Duo to the combined influence of human activities and natural factors, coastal wetlands in Jiangsu province has undergone rapid change in recent years. This article examines the evolution and spatial distribution of wetlands in central Jiangsu province between 1979 and 2015 through analysis of Landsat TM images. The land use/cover changes induced by reclamation and Spartina alterniflora invasion from 1979 to 2015 (1979, 1991, 2003 and 2015) were detected. The results indicated that the areas of reclamation and Spartina alterniflora in four periods extended to the sea at most locations, while the extending speed varied spatially. The reclamation area continued to be enlarged at an accelerated speed, mainly concentrated in between Wanggang port and Xiaoyangkou port. The reclamation area of each section between Wanggang port and Xiaoyangkou port increased by 3.43 km²/yr on average. The area of Spartina alterniflora increased rapidly during the period of 1991-2003, with a rate of 0.89 km²/yr at each section. However, the rate declined to -0.03 km²/yr during 2003-2015. The proportions of reclamation converted from Pragmites communis declined from 71.30% in 1979-1991 to 9.74% in 2003-2015. The proportions of reclamation evolved from Spartina alterniflora and bare flat increased to 37.98% and 30.90%, respectively. Evolution of Spartina alterniflora to reclamation mainly occurred to the north of Fangtang estuary, while evolution of bare flat to reclamation mainly occurred to the south of Fangtang estuary. Bare flat was the largest source of Spartina alterniflora, followed by Suaeda gsalsa, and Pragmites communis was the smallest. The main area of Spartina alterniflora invasion to bare flat was found from Xinyang estuary to Liangduo estuary. The coastal wetlands evolution of central Jiangsu showed a general trend from bare flat→halophytic vegetation→reclamation, but there was a significant shortening trend due to accelerating reclamation. The invasion of Spartina alterniflora has occupied the living space of local halophytic vegetation.

Key words: coastal wetlands, land use/cover, reclamation, Spartina alterniflora invasion, evolution direction, Jiangsu

金宇, 高吉喜, 周可新, 穆少杰. 围垦及米草入侵下江苏中部滨海湿地土地利用/覆被类型动态变化[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(8): 1478-1488.

Yu JIN, Jixi GAO, Kexin ZHOU, Shaojie MU. Dynamic of land use/cover changes under reclamation and Spartina alterniflora invasion in Jiangsu central coastal wetlands[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(8): 1478-1488.

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成像载体	传感器	行/列号	成像时间	空间分辨率(m)
Landsat3	MSS	128/37	1979-5-25	78
Landsat5	TM	119/37	1991-4-02	30
Landsat5	TM	119/37	2003-10-28	30
Landsat8	OLI	119/37	2015-10-13	30

不同围垦形式	1979年	1991年	2003年	2015年
农田（km²）	350.98	631.30	660.99	776.78
盐田（km²）	23.02	42.63	46.83	49.97
养殖塘（km²）	30.26	188.04	571.39	721.77

1991年	1979年
1991年	养殖塘	农田	盐田	河流沟渠	茅草滩涂	芦苇滩涂	碱蓬滩涂	米草滩涂	光滩
养殖塘	17.64	18.04	0.4	1.03	0.12	67.18	56.8		15.53
农田	3.05	331.19	0.46	1.58	1.32	243.36	41.03		4.41
盐田	9.03	0	18.84	0	0	8.25	5.82		0.69
河流沟渠	0	0.22	0	4.14	0.01	1.84	1.27		3.85
茅草滩涂	0	0.21	0	0.09	0	2.73	0.01		0.07
芦苇滩涂	0.45	0.63	0.51	4.99	0	107.19	91.49		75.89
碱蓬滩涂	0.04	0	0.03	0.02	0	24.61	157.61		32.84
米草滩涂	0	0.22	0	4.14	0.01	1.27	1.84		3.85
光滩	0.04	0	2.79	3.11	0	50.71	85.76		237.27

2003年	1991年
2003年	养殖塘	农田	盐田	河流沟渠	茅草滩涂	芦苇滩涂	碱蓬滩涂	米草滩涂	光滩
养殖塘	139.22	71.27	0.07	0.32	0.00	128.23	115.43	14.45	90.23
农田	34.40	544.77	0.00	0.73	2.48	64.49	8.94	0.00	3.47
盐田	0.10	0.99	42.56	0.00	0.00	3.16	0.00	0.00	0.00
河流沟渠	0.07	1.96	0.00	9.48	0.00	0.44	0.16	0.10	10.33
茅草滩涂	0.18	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.47	2.15	2.18	0.00	0.27
芦苇滩涂	0.22	1.60	0.00	0.11	0.14	57.80	10.90	0.42	7.60
碱蓬滩涂	0.48	0.80	0.00	0.72	0.00	6.27	50.70	7.50	71.31
米草滩涂	1.68	5.58	0.00	1.86	0.02	9.62	19.43	5.01	151.51
光滩	0.40	0.28	0.00	7.18	0.00	2.39	20.47	0.95	422.91

2015年	2003年
2015年	养殖塘	农田	盐田	河流沟渠	茅草滩涂	芦苇滩涂	碱蓬滩涂	米草滩涂	光滩
养殖塘	352.23	104.82	29.76	1.17	4.52	11.08	44.85	99.38	58.23
农田	177.82	532.73	0.50	1.73	0.26	19.42	8.69	20.73	13.65
盐田	0.01	0.00	16.43	0.00	0.00	0.39	6.59	0.35	26.12
河流沟渠	1.76	6.78	0.00	7.75	0.00	0.78	0.49	2.05	6.30
茅草滩涂	0.62	0.58	0.00	0.34	0.01	0.29	0.52	1.20	7.55
芦苇滩涂	18.94	15.17	0.12	1.40	0.33	42.43	19.15	15.61	14.87
碱蓬滩涂	5.33	0.04	0.00	2.14	0.00	1.33	37.42	8.41	120.40
米草滩涂	1.45	0.00	0.00	3.45	0.00	2.37	19.79	45.40	92.59
光滩	0.76	0.34	0.00	5.81	0.00	0.69	5.10	1.53	397.13