多中心城市就业—居住的非完全结构匹配模型

doi:10.11821/dlyj201708011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多中心城市被认为是缓解大都市地区职住通勤问题的一种空间模式。但在规划实践中,往往片面强调“田园城市”的分散理念,自足性的职住议题也仅关注就业、居住的总量平衡,忽视了规模集聚的正向外部性、职住空间匹配的结构性问题。基于就业门类的结构性问题,对多中心城市的功能和交通组织进行理论梳理,辨析多中心职住空间的组合模式。研究发现,职住完全匹配的多中心（组团）模式存在明显的理论冲突,无法付诸规划实践,进而提出了非完全结构匹配的多中心职住假说模型：在就业多中心均衡性的前提下,保障通勤距离受限群体的职住邻近性、满足本地居民的就业设施的类型完善,通过就业中心的专门化集聚实现“整体大于局部之和”的多中心优势。并以广州为例,运用假说模型进行了多中心职住匹配的实证探索。

关键词: 多中心城市, 就业—居住, 空间匹配, 非完全结构匹配模型

Abstract:

It is assumed that polycentricity is a spatial model that deals with the problem of job housing commuting in metropolitan areas. Most urban planners usually pay attention to the dispersed spatial pattern of the Garden City but always ignore the externalities of an agglomeration economy. They also tend to focus on the quantitative balance between job and housing and do not notice the importance of structural matching between them. Based on the concept of structural matching job-housing, this research explores the related theory from the aspects of urban function and transportation for a polycentric city, for which possible models of matching job and housing are analyzed. The key finding is that the exact structural matching between job and housing in a polycentric city is impossible because of the requirement of the externalities of a specialized agglomeration economy. In regards to urban function, pursuing the exact quantity of job and housing in each sector among different sub-centers is not as realistic as the idea that the same ratio of employment will lead to a lack of specialized agglomeration benefits for the polycentricity. That is to say, spatial structure with similar employment components in sub-centers will do harm to agglomeration economy in a functional polycentricity. In regards to commuting, complete self-sufficiency in job and housing in each sub-center means a pattern of urban villages instead of the polycentricity version with its random movements. According to the reality of frequent relocation of working places and different locations of couples' jobs, random movements will always take place among different employment centers. According to the original theory of the mismatching of job- housing, vulnerable groups have always had difficulties finding a job for the extra trips. This means that proximity of job and housing for those vulnerable groups is necessary in this conceptual model of structural matching job-housing in a polycentric city. Hence this research proposed a hypothesis of incomplete-structural matching job- housing in a polycentric city with four dimensions: spatial balance in a less hierarchical system of employment centers, specialized function of agglomeration economy in each employment center, adequate public service facilities for the local residents and proximity of job and housing for those vulnerable groups requiring short-distance commuting. Based on an empirical study of Guangzhou, the research explored the spatial matching of job- housing through the lens of this model from these four aspects.

Key words: polycentric city, job-housing, spatial matching, incomplete-structural matching job-housing

赵渺希. 多中心城市就业—居住的非完全结构匹配模型[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(8): 1531-1542.

Miaoxi ZHAO. Hypothesis of incomplete-structural matching job-housing in a polycentric city[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(8): 1531-1542.

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特征	模式I	模式II	假说模式
a. 就业空间均衡性	就业总量不均衡,形成“卧城”	就业总量的多中心均衡	就业总量的多中心均衡
b. 就业专门化程度	就业的专门化集聚	就业均匀分散、没有专门化集聚	就业的专门化集聚
c. 居住设施充足性	就业、居住内部多样化,但组团整体功能单一	组团整体功能和就业、居住内部均多样化	就业弱多样化、但保障生活设施的充足性
d. 本地职住通勤	钟摆式交通,不保障任何本地通勤	全部本地通勤,不现实的“城市村”交通模式	保障部分群体的短距通勤,随机性出行的多中心
职住匹配程度	完全分离	完全匹配	非完全的匹配