跨国公司总部在城市内部的空间分异及影响因素——以上海为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201709006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以上海为例,基于连续的跨国公司企业总部数据,探讨跨国公司总部在上海的空间分布特征及影响因素。研究表明：① 上海市跨国公司总部高度集聚在内环以内的城市中心区和浦东新区,尤其集聚在交通干线沿线以及国家级开发区。上海初步形成以开发区为核心的多中心不同等级的集聚区。② 基于Tobit模型分析跨国公司总部区位分布的影响因素,结果发现交通基础设施、制度和集聚因素共同作用影响跨国公司总部的区位选择。③ 分国别和时间段的分析表明,制度和集聚因素对跨国公司总部在城市内部分布的影响受制于到来源国文化距离的影响,随着跨国公司在华经营环境的不断完善,制度和集聚因素对总部分布的影响力逐步下降。

关键词: 跨国公司, 总部, 空间分异, 集聚, Tobit模型, 上海

Abstract:

The paper explores the spatial pattern of headquarters of multinational enterprises and the influencing factors using data from Multinational Enterprises (MNE) headquarters based in Shanghai. The results show that headquarters of MNE are highly agglomerated in the central city, in the inner ring and Pudong New District, especially agglomerated near main traffic lines and national development zones. Shanghai has developed various levels of agglomerate zones centered in development zones. The headquarters are agglomerated in the central district including Lujiazui financial trade zone, Huangpu central district, Hongqiao economic development zone, Pudong New District including Zhangjiang high-tech park, Jinqiao export processing zone, and northwest of Shanghai including the automobile park. The results of influencing factors of MNE headquarters distribution show that location, institutions and agglomeration factors affect the location choice of MNE headquarters, MNEs tend to be located near good traffic conditions and better local institutions. MNE headquarters tend to be agglomerated in national development zones to reduce transaction costs. Results also show that factors such as distance to urban centers, urban development zones, and new towns do not significantly affect the location choice of headquarters. The study further analyzed the influencing factors of location of MNC headquarters based on the Tobit model. The results show that the regional transportation infrastructure, system and agglomeration factors affect the location choice of MNC headquarters. The study also shows that institutional and agglomeration factors are more important for US multinational corporate headquarters, and Japanese multinational corporate headquarters are more affected by the impact of transport infrastructure. The influence of institutional factors and agglomeration factors on MNC headquarters before 2008 is gradually strengthened and then weakened, indicating that the influence of institutional and agglomeration factors on MNC headquarters' distribution within the city is also affected by the cultural distance of the source country. With continuous improvement of the business environment, the impact of institutional and agglomeration factors on the distribution of headquarters has gradually declined.

Key words: multinational enterprise, headquarters, spatial variation, agglomeration, Tobit model, Shanghai

王俊松, 潘峰华, 田明茂. 跨国公司总部在城市内部的空间分异及影响因素——以上海为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(9): 1667-1679.

Junsong WANG, Fenghua PAN, Mingmao TIAN. Spatial pattern of headquarters of multinational enterprises in Shanghai[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(9): 1667-1679.

图/表 8

表1

表2

上海市跨国公司总部集聚区及主要产业"

序号	总部集聚区	总部数目	主要产业	代表企业
1	陆家嘴金融贸易区	24	汽车及零配件制造业4,	瑞萨半导体管理（中国）有限公司福特（中国）有限公司马自达（中国）企业管理有限公司英杰华（上海）管理有限公司丸红（中国）有限公司普洛斯投资管理（中国）有限公司
			电子制造业4
			金融、保险业1
			批发和零售贸易1
			交通运输、仓储业 2
2	黄浦中心区（外滩、南京东路街、淮海中路街）	28	化工业4	梅塞尔格里斯海姆（中国）投资有限公司爱普思科（中国）投资有限公司川崎重工管理有限公司第一资讯（中国）有限公司富国太平洋（中国）投资有限公司荷皇天地（中国）投资有限公司
			电子制造业4
			机械制造业2
			咨询业1
			金融保险业1
			交通运输、仓储业1
			房地产1
4	张江高科技园区	19	信息技术业6	高通创锐讯企业管理（上海）有限公司杜邦（中国）研发管理有限公司
			化工业6
			综合类3
			医药制造业2	霍尼韦尔（中国）有限公司 IBM全球服务（中国）有限公司罗氏（中国）投资有限公司
5	虹桥经济开发区	14	汽车及零配件制造业4	伟世通亚太（上海）有限公司米其林（中国）投资有限公司上海宝龙实业发展有限公司
			综合制造业2
			房地产业1
				住友电工管理（上海）有限公司
6	嘉定汽车产业集群（包括安亭和徐行）	9	汽车及零配件制造业3	沃尔沃汽车（中国）投资有限公司科世达（上海）管理有限公司舍弗勒投资（中国）有限公司
7	金桥出口开发区	13	化工业4	拜耳材料科技（上海）管理有限公司通用汽车（中国）投资有限公司阿尔卡特朗讯（中国）投资有限公司
			汽车及零配件制造业3
			电子制造业2

表2

图1

图2

图3

表3

表4

表5

参考文献 11

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范围	数量（家）				所占比例（%）
范围	2000年前		2001-2007年	2008-2013年	2000年前	2001-2007年	2008-2013年
内环以内	21	51	65		35.00	38.93	45.77
内、中环之间	15	31	28		25.00	23.66	19.72
中、外环之间	9	29	29		15.00	22.14	20.42
外环以外	15	20	20		25.00	15.27	14.08
合计	60	131	142		100.00	100.00	100.00

	Variables	I	E(I)	sd(I)	Z
全部	全部	0.291	-0.004	0.038	7.796
来源国	美国	0.169	-0.004	0.037	4.717
	日本	0.236	-0.004	0.037	6.575
进入时间	2000年前	0.129	-0.004	0.037	3.608
	2001-2007年	0.206	-0.004	0.038	5.565
	2008-2013年	0.275	-0.004	0.038	7.310

	变量	定义	预期符号
区位因素	center	邮区中心到城市中心的距离	-
	airport	到虹桥机场或浦东机场的最短距离	+
	rail	到最近铁路站点的距离
	subway	地铁站点数	+
	dist_college_985	到最近“985工程”高校的距离	-
	dist_college_regular	到最近普通本科高校的距离	-
	ring1	内环以内为1,否则为0	+
	ring2	内环到中环之间为1,否则为0	?
	ring3	中环到外环之间为1,否则为0	?
政策因素	zone_n	属于国家级开发区为1,否则为0	+
	zone_u	属于市级开发区为1,否则为0	+
	newtown	属于新城为1,否则为0	+
	pudong	属于浦东新区为1,否则为0	+
集聚因素	agg_all	跨国公司总部数量	+
	agg_us/ agg_japan	相同来源国（美国/日本）跨国公司总部数量	+
	agg_01	2001年前跨国公司数量	+
	agg_07	2007年前跨国公司数量	+

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
	全部样本	美国跨国公司总部	日本跨国公司总部	2000年前	2001-2007年	2008年以后
lnairport	-1.592^*		-2.007^***		-1.752^***	-0.704^*
lnrail	1.452^*
lnsubway	2.506^***	1.136^*	1.640^**	1.046^**	1.601^**
lndist_college_985		-1.049^*	2.212^**
lndist_college_regular	-2.223^***		-1.950^**	-1.492^***		-1.266^***
zone_nation	6.143^***	4.209^***		2.375^**	2.767^*
pudong	3.781^***	3.129^***		1.650^**	2.106^**
newtown		1.829^*			2.563^**
agg_all	0.137^***
agg_ us		0.286^***
ring1			3.196^***		1.916^**
ring2			-1.757^**		-1.532^*
ring3						-1.017^*
agg_01					1.385^***
agg_07						0.706^***
Constant	-0.491	-3.877^**	13.008^**	-1.709^**	11.573^**	6.885^*
Observations	242	242	242	242	242	242