羌塘高原降水空间分布及其变化特征

doi:10.11821/dlyj201711002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

羌塘高原作为典型的青藏高原内流区,其降水变化直接影响自身及其周边区域冰冻圈与生态系统的变化。但由于站点观测资料的限制,羌塘高原降水时空格局尚不明确。因此,基于2015年羌塘高原9个自动观测站逐小时降水数据和5套降水格点产品以及1978-2015年西藏地区26个国家台站逐日降水数据,分析羌塘高原降水的空间分布和变化特征。结果表明：① 2015年羌塘高原核心区降水量和降水日数的均值分别约为154.9 mm和50天,其中,降水量约为东南边缘以及西藏地区多年均值的1/3和1/4。在空间上,降水量呈现东南多、北部少的特征,其中,昆仑山脉以北地区降水量最低,这从降水角度验证了该区域是“寒旱核心”的主要地区之一。② 雨季与干季分明。西北部雨季分布在6-8月,比东南边缘地区约短1~2个月;且前者降水量呈现单峰型而后者呈现双峰型。③ 在高原核心区,热带降雨测量计划（TRMM）3B43数据和全球降水量测量计划（GPM）IMERG算法数据高估了多数站点的年降水量,主要是高估了干季降水量所致。④ 1978-2015年羌塘高原改则和狮泉河站降水量和降水日数呈现微弱增加趋势,且强降水事件增多。

关键词: 羌塘高原, 降水, TRMM, GPM, 青藏高原

Abstract:

：Qiangtang Plateau (QP) refers as a typical interior region in the Tibetan Plateau, where the variability of precipitation is critical for cryospheric and ecosystems changes. However, the spatial distribution and variation of precipitation in the QP remains poorly understood due to lacking of precipitation gauges data. Based on precipitation data from nine automatic stations and five remote sensing and simulated precipitation products in 2015 and daily precipitation data from twenty-six meteorological stations during 1978-2015 in the QP and its vicinity, the spatial distribution and variation of precipitation were analyzed. Results showed that: (1) Annual precipitation and precipitation days were approximately 154.9 mm and 50 days in the core of the QP in 2015, respectively. Annual precipitation in the core of QP was approximately one third and one quarter of the average annual precipitation in the southeast of the QP and Tibet Autonomous Region, respectively. The lowest precipitation is observed on the north slope of the Kunlun Mountains, which confirms that this area is one of the main regions of 'cold dry core' in the perspective of precipitation. (2) The rainy season is clearly different from the dry season. The rainy season exists from June to August in the northern region, whose length is about 1-2 months shorter than that in the southern region. The distribution of precipitation in the northern region shows a single peak while that in the southern region shows a bimodal pattern. (3) TRMM (3B43) and GPM (IMERG) overestimated the annual precipitation in most sites of the QP, mainly due to the overestimation of precipitation in dry season. (4) A slight wetting process and an increasing trend of heavy rainfall events were detected in local area of the QP from 1978 to 2015.

Key words: Qiangtang Plateau, precipitation, TRMM, GPM, Tibetan Plateau

李兰晖, 刘琼欢, 张镱锂, 刘林山, 丁明军, 谷昌军. 羌塘高原降水空间分布及其变化特征[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(11): 2047-2060.

Lanhui LI, Qionghuan LIU, Yili ZHANG, Linshan LIU, Mingjun DING, Changjun GU. Spatial distribution and variation of precipitation in the Qiangtang Plateau[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(11): 2047-2060.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

本文使用的5套格点数据概况"

产品名称	空间分辨率（°）	时间分辨率	输入数据	发布单位	数据来源	参考文献
CMA-Pre1	0.25 $×$ 0.25	天	2419台站逐日降水数据	中国气象局国家气象信息中心（CMA）	http://data.cma.cn/data	沈艳等^[26]
CMA-Pre2	0.5 $× 0.5$	天	2472台站降水资料和GTOPO30数据	同上	同上	徐影等^[27]
CMA-Pre3	0.1 $× 0.1$	小时	CMORPH和3万多自动观测站逐小时降水数据	同上	同上	沈艳等^[21]
TRMM（3B43）	0.25 $×$ 0.25	月	-	日本国家空间发展署（NASDA）和美国国家航空航天局(NASA)	https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/trmm	齐文文等^[16]
GPM （IMERG）	0.1 $× 0.1$	月	-	同上	https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/gpm	Ma等^[20]

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

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站点编号	经度（E）	纬度（N）	建站时间	海拔（m）	地形	植被类型
P1	81°40′	34°51′	2014年9月	5079	平地	垫状驼绒藜荒漠
P2	81°59′	34°56′	2014年9月	5185	平地	垫状驼绒藜荒漠
P3	83°13′	33°56′	2014年9月	5270	平地	羽柱针茅草原
W1	81°16′	34°46′	2013年9月	5017	平地	羽柱针茅草原
W2	84°10′	33°40′	2013年9月	4719	平地	羽柱针茅草原
W3	83°43′	33°30′	2012年8月	4945	平地	紫花针茅草原