七套土地覆被数据在羌塘高原的精度评价

doi:10.11821/dlyj201711003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于羌塘高原8个一级土地覆被类型（包括10个二级土地覆被类型）的6851个样本点,采用混淆矩阵方法,从总体精度、制图精度和用户精度角度评价International Geosphere-Biosphere Program's Data and Information System Cover（IGBPDIS）、Global Land cover mapping at 30 m resolution（GlobeLand 30）、The MODIS Land Cover Type product（MCD12Q1）、Climate Change Initiative Land Cover（CCI-LC）和Global Land Cover 2000（GLC2000）等七套土地覆被数据产品在羌塘高原的精度。结果表明：① 七套数据产品的一级类型和二级类型总体精度普遍偏低,在相对较高的GlobeLand 30和CCI-LC数据中,一级类型总体精度分别为55.09%和53.92%,二级类型分别为46.55%和46.23%;② 草地、裸地和荒漠三个主要一级类型生产者精度最高的数据对应为：GLC 2000（46.19%）、MCD12Q1（39.20%）和IGBPDIS（84.44%）。而三个主要一级类型的用户精度均低于50%。其他覆被类型中,雪被与冰川类型用户精度最高的数据为CCI-LC（92.80%）,漏分比例为19.90%;③ 羌塘高原特殊的高原环境与土地覆被分类系统构成原则和标准是影响遥感解译数据精度的主要原因。

关键词: 土地覆被数据, 遥感解译, 精度评价, 羌塘高原, 青藏高原

Abstract:

The land cover datasets in the Qiangtang Plateau (QP) have generally been considered as the fundamental data in the studies of local environmental and ecological issues. We evaluated the accuracy of seven land cover datasets in the QP, i.e. International Geosphere-Biosphere Program's Data and Information System Cover (IGBPDIS), Global Land cover mapping at 30 m resolution (GlobeLand 30), The MODIS Land Cover Type product (MCD12Q1), Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC), Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC2000), GlobCover 2009 (GlobCover) and University of Maryland (UMD). For that, the study used 6851 field samples with first and second level (8 and 10, respectively) land cover types. Three widely used parameters were derived to describe the error matrix of the map and also for the overall user's and producer's accuracy. The quantitative assessments of the map quality and classification accuracy for the available land cover maps will help to improve the overall accuracy of land cover mapping in future. The overall results of the assessment pointed out that the GlobeLand 30 and CCI-LC land cover map have higher accuracy than other data sets. However, they are also just 55.09% and 53.92% in first level assessment and 46.55% and 46.23% in the second level accuracy assessment. The best producer's accuracies of the three main land cover classes, e.g. alpine grassland, barren land and desert land in the QP were 46.19% in GLC 2000, 39.20% in MCD12Q1, and 84.44% in the IGBPDIS. The user's accuracy of the three first level land cover classes were less than 50%. In addition, the accuracy of the CCI-LC data was 92.8%, with omission error at 19.90% in the snow and ice cover. After analysis, we found that the discrepancy of classification system and the typical plateau environment in the QP are the main factors that result in a high level of inaccuracy of the land cover datasets.

Key words: land cover data, remote sensing interpretation, accuracy evaluation, Qiangtang Plateau, Tibetan Plateau

刘琼欢, 张镱锂, 刘林山, 李兰晖, 祁威. 七套土地覆被数据在羌塘高原的精度评价[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(11): 2061-2074.

Qionghuan LIU, Yili ZHANG, Linshan LIU, Lanhui LI, Wei QI. Accuracy evaluation of the seven land cover data in Qiangtang Plateau[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(11): 2061-2074.

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数据名称	整体精度（%）	验证方法	传感器	分类方法	分辨率	年份	分类系统类型数	链接	参考文献
GLC 2000	68.6	Confidence values statistical sampling	SPOT4 VEGETATION	非监督分类	1 km	1999-2000	FAO LCCS (23 classes)	http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/glc2000/products.php	Bartholomé等^[26]
IGBPDIS	66.9	Statistical sampling of validation working group	AVHRR	非监督分类	1 km	1992-1993	USGS IGBP (17 classes)	http://edc2.usgs.gov/glcc/tabgoode_globe.php	Loveland等^[27]
UMD	65.0	Evaluated using other digital datasets	AVHRR	非监督分类、决策树分类	1 km	1992-1993	Simplified IGBP (14 classes)	http://www.landcover.org/data/landcover/index.shtml	Hansen等^[28]
MCD12Q1	74.8	Cross-validation	MODIS	监督分类、决策树分类、神经网络	500 m	2013	IGBP (17 classes)	http://e4ftl01.cr.usgs.gov/MOTA/MCD12Q1.051/	Friedl等^[29,30]
GlobCover	67.5	Statistical sampling expert's judgement	MERIS FR	监督分类、非监督分类	300 m	2009	UN LCCS (22 classes)	http://due.esrin.esa.int/globcover/	Bontemps等^[31]
CCI-LC	74.1	Sampling-based labeling approach	MERIS Full and Reduced Resolution/ SPOT	非监督分类	300 m	2008-2012	UN LCCS (22 classes)	http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/index.php	Belgium等^[32]
GlobeLand 30	80.0	Knowledge-based interactive verification	Landsat TM, ETM7, HJ-1A/b/	基于像元、对象和知识规则分类	30 m	2010	11 classes	http://www.globallandcover.com	Chen等^[33]

类型	样本点数量	类型定义	类型	样本点数量	类型定义
高寒草甸	777	由寒冷中生多年生草本植物为主的植物群落覆盖区域,本研究区主要指藏北嵩草草甸、小嵩草（高山嵩草）草甸覆盖区	湖泊	1157	指自然条件下形成的积水区常年水位以下的土地
高寒草原	1245	具有一定御寒能力的、旱生的多年生草本植物和小半灌木植物占优势的植物群落覆盖区域	沼泽湿地	80	指覆盖着水（淡水、半咸水或咸水）与草本或木本植物的广阔区域,是介于陆地和水体之间的过渡带
稀疏植被	29	分布在连续植物覆盖的植被以上至永久雪线之间的、由适应严寒生境的寒旱生或寒冷中旱生多年生轴根性杂类草或以垫状植物或地衣苔藓等构成的盖度在5%~40%的植被区域。如蚤缀、点地梅垫状植被分布区域	居民建设用地	35	指被建筑物覆盖的土地类型
半灌木或矮半灌木荒漠	662	半灌木、矮半灌木（驼绒藜、木亚菊、蒿）荒漠、垫状驼绒藜荒漠广泛分布区域	裸地	125	指裸地、沙地、岩石、盐碱地,植被覆盖度不超过10 %
河流	38	指自然形成的沿着地表长条状槽形洼地	雪被与冰川	2703	指常年由积雪或者冰覆盖的土地类型
合计	6851

	类型		IGBP (IGBPDIS、MCD12Q1、UMD)	FAO LCCS (GLC 2000、GlobCover、CCI-LC)	GlobeLand 30
序号	一级	二级
1	草地		草地	草原、草甸	草地
2		高寒草甸	-	草甸	-
3		高寒草原	草地	草原	草地
4	稀疏植被	稀疏植被	-	自然植被与农田镶嵌类型、稀疏植被	-
5	半灌木或矮半灌木荒漠	半灌木或矮半灌木荒漠	稀疏灌木林地	荒漠草地、灌丛、落叶灌丛	灌木林地
6	水体		水体	水体	水体
7		河流	-	-	-
8		湖泊	-	-	-
9	沼泽湿地	沼泽湿地	湿地	稀疏草本或木本湿地	湿地
10	居民建设用地	居民建设用地	建设用地	建设用地	人造地表
11	裸地	裸地	裸地	裸地、砾石裸地、松散裸地	裸地
12	雪被和冰川	雪被和冰川	雪被与冰川	永久雪被与冰川	永久雪被与冰川
13	无	-	常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、落叶针叶林、落叶阔叶林、混交林、郁闭灌木林地、森林稀疏草原、稀树草原、农田、农田与自然植被镶嵌类型	旱地、灌溉或季节性水淹农田、农田与自然植被镶嵌类型、常绿针叶林	农田、乔木林地

	类型	CCI-LC	GLC 2000	GlobCover	GlobeLand30	IGBPDIS	MCD12Q1	UMD
本文研究区	稀疏植被	2.00	0.00	2.51	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	湿地	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.31	0.31	0.06	0.00
	建设用地	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
	雪被与冰川	2.25	2.49	1.64	1.19	1.19	1.25	0.00
	草地	70.51	67.69	68.84	86.12	40.47	3.53	19.75
	高寒荒漠	1.10	16.62	0.00	2.34	2.34	9.49	68.50
	水体	4.00	2.77	4.07	4.40	4.40	3.32	4.09
	裸地	20.06	9.28	51.31	24.07	24.07	40.91	23.88
	一级类型总体精度	53.92	49.97	31.88	55.09	11.76	24.61	5.98
	二级类型总体精度	46.23	39.41	26.23	46.55	10.61	21.46	6.00
	等级	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅰ	Ⅳ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
国际报道	总体精度	74.40	68.60	67.50	80.03	66.90	74.80	65.00
国际报道	参考文献	文献^[32]	文献^[26]	文献^[31]	文献^[33]	文献^[27]	文献^{[29, 30]}	文献^[28]

数据	湿地	建设用地	雪被与冰川	草地	高寒荒漠	水体	裸地
CCI-LC	0.00	0.00	12.70	12.32	7.79	73.25	14.48
GlobalLand 30	8.75	26.83	25.24	4.41	0.00	57.96	34.43
GLC 2000	0.00	0.00	36.46	15.00	19.17	40.85	0.68
GlobCover	0.00	0.00	42.87	1.74	0.00	87.48	21.40
MCD12Q1	64.17	0.00	55.69	1.18	3.55	81.24	37.59
IGBPDIS	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.53	73.82	30.03	0.70
UMD	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.88	42.86	42.54	9.90