羌塘高原核心区2013-2014年土壤温度变化特征

doi:10.11821/dlyj201711004

地理研究 ›› 2017, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (11): 2075-2087.doi: 10.11821/dlyj201711004

羌塘高原核心区2013-2014年土壤温度变化特征

祁威^1,²(), 张镱锂^1,^2,³, 刘林山¹(), 王兆锋¹, 丁明军⁴, 赵志龙^1,²

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3. 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京 100101
4. 江西师范大学地理与环境学院,鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,南昌 330022

收稿日期:2017-04-05 修回日期:2017-08-10 出版日期:2017-11-20 发布日期:2017-11-20
作者简介:
作者简介：祁威（1987- ）,男,河北涿州人,博士,主要从事自然地理研究。E-mail：qiw@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家科技基础性工作专项重点项目（2012FY111400）;中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（XDB03030500）;国家科技支撑计划（2012BAC06B00）

Characteristics of soil temperature variation in core region of Northern Tibetan Plateau in China during 2013-2014

Wei QI^1,²(), Yili ZHANG^1,^2,³, Linshan LIU¹(), Zhaofeng WANG¹, Mingjun DING⁴, Zhilong ZHAO^1,²

1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
4.Key Lab of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China

Received:2017-04-05 Revised:2017-08-10 Online:2017-11-20 Published:2017-11-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于羌塘高原核心区布设的19套土壤温湿度仪器和3个自动气象站2013年9月-2014年10月间的监测数据,分析羌塘高原核心区不同站点在1 cm、10 cm、20 cm深度处的土壤温度日变化和季节变化特征。结果表明：① 研究时段内站点1 cm、10 cm、20 cm深度土壤的日均温在-16.27~17.18 ℃之间波动,随着土壤深度的增加,温度变幅逐渐减小。② 站点间的日均温差最大不超过12.82 ℃,主要受海拔与纬度的影响。昼夜变化呈现升温快,降温慢的特征。③ 不同深度的土壤平均最冷月均温为-12.69 ℃,最暖月均温为13.15 ℃,土壤日平均温度的年际变幅在30 ℃左右。在土壤冻结/消融过程中土壤温度的变异系数很高,表层更加明显,且消融过程变异性比冻结过程更强。④ 在月尺度上土壤1 cm日平均温度与气温的相关性最强,可达到0.99以上。研究将有助于填补该地区土壤温度数据的空白,对认识该区域冰冻、消融交替过程中土壤热量迁移的连续变化也有重要的意义。

关键词: 羌塘高原, 土壤温度, 冻结消融过程, 水热交换, 青藏高原

Abstract:

A total of 19 soil temperature stations and three automatic weather stations in Gaize and Ritu counties, Tibet within the core region of Northern Tibetan Plateau, have been established to measure soil temperature at three soil depths (1 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm) with their elevations varying from 4515 to 5172 m. The station-averaged soil temperature data at hourly to monthly scale are used to analyse the characteristics of soil temperature and thaw-freezing processes during the period from September, 2013 to October, 2014. Major findings are as follows: The ranges of daily soil temperature at 1 cm, 10 cm and 20 cm depths are -16.27 to 17.18 ℃, -14.35 to 15.75 ℃, and -13.49 to 14.70 ℃, respectively during the study period. Soil temperature varied in a slower amplitude with the increase of depths. The difference of 22 stations may have relationship with elevation and latitude, and the spatial variability is less than 12.82 ℃. The temperature continuous rising process is faster than continuous cooling process at daily scale. For all the three depths of soil temperature, the coldest month is January with an average temperature of -12.69 ℃, and the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 13.15 ℃. The annual range of daily mean temperature is about 30 ℃. The soil temperature has a strong coefficient of variation (CV) values during thaw phase and freezing phase, especially at 1 cm soil depth. And the CV values during the thaw phase are higher than those during the freezing phase. In view of the correlation analysis between air temperature and soil temperature at three soil depths, the soil temperature at 1 cm depth is strongly correlated with air temperature at monthly scale with the correlation coefficient being r = 0.99. The results will provide reliable data for the basic research of the Tibetan Plateau. And it will also provide a scientific basis for regional thaw phase and freezing phase, soil heat transfer and hydrological and thermal process.

Key words: Northern Tibetan Plateau, soil temperature, thaw-freezing cycle, hydrological and thermal processes, Tibetan Plateau

祁威, 张镱锂, 刘林山, 王兆锋, 丁明军, 赵志龙. 羌塘高原核心区2013-2014年土壤温度变化特征[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(11): 2075-2087.

Wei QI, Yili ZHANG, Linshan LIU, Zhaofeng WANG, Mingjun DING, Zhilong ZHAO. Characteristics of soil temperature variation in core region of Northern Tibetan Plateau in China during 2013-2014[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(11): 2075-2087.

图/表 10

图1

表1

图2

表2

表3

图3

表4

特征月份每小时平均土壤温度及变异系数（%）"

时间(h)	10月土壤温度			1月土壤温度			4月土壤温度			7月土壤温度
时间(h)	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm
0	1.25	3.39	3.98	-13.89	-11.55	-11.00	-2.02	-0.12	-0.62	12.60	14.22	13.89
1	0.57	2.93	3.76	-14.57	-11.95	-11.16	-2.93	-0.47	-0.70	11.36	13.39	13.51
2	-0.03	2.51	3.54	-15.17	-12.32	-11.34	-3.70	-0.80	-0.81	10.31	12.63	13.12
3	-0.55	2.13	3.32	-15.72	-12.68	-11.54	-4.38	-1.14	-0.93	9.39	11.94	12.71
4	-1.01	1.78	3.10	-16.22	-13.03	-11.74	-5.03	-1.47	-1.06	8.60	11.31	12.31
5	-1.44	1.45	2.89	-16.69	-13.35	-11.95	-5.65	-1.81	-1.21	7.93	10.73	11.92
6	-1.82	1.18	2.70	-17.11	-13.67	-12.16	-6.24	-2.14	-1.37	7.34	10.20	11.55
7	-2.18	0.91	2.51	-17.51	-13.97	-12.37	-6.79	-2.46	-1.53	6.81	9.72	11.18
8	-2.54	0.66	2.33	-17.90	-14.26	-12.58	-7.30	-2.79	-1.70	6.34	9.28	10.84
9	-2.89	0.42	2.16	-18.26	-14.54	-12.78	-7.50	-3.10	-1.88	6.38	8.96	10.51
10	-2.82	0.21	2.00	-18.58	-14.82	-12.99	-6.17	-3.24	-2.06	7.56	8.97	10.24
11	-1.82	0.16	1.84	-18.28	-15.01	-13.19	-3.32	-3.04	-2.20	9.79	9.46	10.08
12	-0.18	0.40	1.73	-16.48	-14.87	-13.34	0.10	-2.53	-2.26	12.72	10.40	10.11
13	2.05	0.93	1.70	-13.79	-14.29	-13.37	3.47	-1.85	-2.21	15.92	11.72	10.35
14	4.52	1.81	1.79	-11.11	-13.41	-13.22	6.23	-1.06	-2.06	18.96	13.24	10.79
15	6.70	2.88	2.03	-8.99	-12.42	-12.92	8.18	-0.22	-1.85	21.38	14.76	11.41
16	8.26	3.95	2.40	-7.58	-11.49	-12.50	9.16	0.56	-1.58	23.10	16.11	12.13
17	8.96	4.85	2.86	-6.88	-10.73	-12.04	9.09	1.14	-1.28	23.82	17.13	12.86
18	8.76	5.42	3.31	-6.95	-10.20	-11.60	8.14	1.46	-0.99	23.49	17.68	13.52
19	7.78	5.60	3.70	-7.77	-9.94	-11.22	6.71	1.56	-0.74	22.43	17.80	14.03
20	6.12	5.40	3.97	-9.22	-9.98	-10.94	4.97	1.46	-0.55	20.88	17.56	14.37
21	4.31	4.90	4.11	-10.85	-10.26	-10.79	2.92	1.20	-0.43	18.73	16.97	14.52
22	2.90	4.28	4.08	-12.11	-10.67	-10.77	0.91	0.83	-0.38	16.28	16.11	14.47
23	1.84	3.70	3.95	-13.09	-11.10	-10.84	-0.61	0.45	-0.39	14.17	15.16	14.26
振幅	5.92	2.72	1.21	5.85	2.53	1.30	8.33	2.40	0.94	8.74	4.42	2.22
CV(%)	206.38	71.11	29.12	-29.37	-13.63	-7.45	-7916.12	-199.86	-49.75	44.18	23.64	12.66

表4

表5

表6

图4

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编号	北纬(N)	东经(E)	海拔(m)	覆被类型	编号	北纬(N)	东经(E)	海拔(m)	覆被类型
Q01	34°01′	83°11′	5066	羽柱针茅草原	Q14	32°52′	84°06′	4615	藏沙蒿、羽柱针茅草原
Q02	33°56′	83°13′	4924	羽柱针茅草原	Q15	32°24′	84°11′	4515	固沙草草原
Q03	33°53′	83°16′	4961	紫花针茅草原	R01	34°56′	82°00′	5089	垫状驼绒藜荒漠
Q04	33°52′	83°20′	4556	紫花针茅草原	R02	34°55′	81°58′	5153	垫状驼绒藜荒漠
Q05	33°55′	83°26′	4940	垫状驼绒藜荒漠	R03	34°50′	81°28′	4956	青藏薹草草原
Q06	33°48′	83°42′	5013	垫状驼绒藜荒漠	R04	34°51′	81°24′	4988	垫状驼绒藜荒漠
Q07	33°31′	83°49′	4838	紫花针茅草原	R05	34°50′	81°22′	5003	羽柱针茅草原
Q08	33°26′	84°01′	4673	藏沙蒿荒漠草原	R06	34°32′	80°29′	5172	青藏薹草草原
Q09	33°32′	84°15′	4847	紫花针茅草原	W01	34°46′	81°16′	5017	羽柱针茅草原
Q11	32°28′	84°14′	4577	固沙草草原	W02	33°40′	84°10′	4719	羽柱针茅草原
Q13	33°24′	84°15′	4632	藏沙蒿、羽柱针茅草原	W03	33°30′	83°43′	4945	紫花针茅草原

月份	22个站点平均土壤温度			改则县站点平均土壤温度			日土县站点平均土壤温度
月份	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm
2013-10	1.94	2.57	2.90	2.86	3.50	3.92	0.08	0.74	1.02
2013-11	-6.99	-5.66	-4.88	-6.07	-4.72	-3.99	-8.82	-7.55	-6.55
2013-12	-12.10	-10.71	-9.90	-11.27	-9.89	-9.17	-13.76	-12.34	-11.26
2014-1	-13.53	-12.52	-12.01	-12.73	-11.74	-11.32	-15.14	-14.08	-13.30
2014-2	-11.76	-11.17	-10.94	-10.78	-10.24	-10.10	-13.72	-13.04	-12.49
2014-3	-5.76	-5.95	-6.20	-4.51	-4.76	-5.04	-8.26	-8.33	-8.34
2014-4	-0.07	-0.81	-1.28	1.17	0.32	-0.16	-2.54	-3.07	-3.36
2014-5	6.27	5.07	4.20	7.78	6.49	5.71	3.24	2.24	1.39
2014-6	11.23	9.93	9.01	12.83	11.42	10.68	8.03	6.95	5.92
2014-7	14.01	13.15	12.28	15.68	14.84	14.18	10.67	9.76	8.76
2014-8	12.74	12.48	12.03	13.47	13.30	13.06	11.30	10.83	10.12
2014-9	9.10	9.10	9.01	10.13	10.16	10.21	6.98	6.80	6.47
变异系数(%)	2417.96	2091.88	2585.00	674.59	625.10	625.69	543.35	523.54	474.31

月份	站点平均土壤温度			改则县站点平均土壤温度			日土县站点平均土壤温度
月份	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm
2013-10	162.08	101.96	79.11	111.22	76.77	61.83	4005.13	347.00	206.38
2013-11	24.67	28.42	32.22	29.00	34.54	40.05	19.47	21.25	23.77
2013-12	14.97	15.19	15.50	16.54	16.33	16.48	14.99	14.93	15.15
2014-1	8.62	6.24	4.99	10.31	7.50	6.23	7.15	5.43	4.18
2014-2	13.20	10.47	8.89	15.09	11.91	10.13	10.97	8.84	7.64
2014-3	54.04	46.28	41.48	70.45	58.97	52.50	36.61	32.04	29.31
2014-4	2760.83	167.32	88.96	175.23	456.71	776.61	-68.73	40.68	30.82
2014-5	20.26	20.22	22.68	16.58	16.68	18.18	43.24	43.96	59.66
2014-6	20.91	18.67	18.16	18.68	16.05	15.13	31.31	30.40	30.74
2014-7	10.94	9.66	9.16	10.19	7.94	7.02	20.63	20.30	19.60
2014-8	16.87	14.47	12.63	15.26	12.59	10.67	24.46	22.10	19.68
2014-9	22.63	17.89	14.28	24.98	20.43	17.26	23.52	20.05	16.76

月份	W01				W02				W03
月份	T	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm
2013-10	-4.25	1.18	1.61	1.92	-0.88	3.53	3.92	4.58	-2.82	1.95	2.91	-1.05
2013-11	-12.61	-8.43	-7.47	-6.35	-8.04	-5.74	-4.86	-3.50	-9.75	-6.71	-4.55	-10.45
2013-12	-16.80	-13.69	-12.36	-11.09	-12.47	-11.12	-10.01	-8.46	-13.99	-12.46	-10.19	-15.80
2014-1	-17.77	-14.95	-13.81	-12.88	-13.68	-12.82	-11.94	-10.66	-15.72	-14.08	-12.33	-17.58
2014-2	-16.84	-13.43	-12.65	-11.94	-11.97	-10.77	-10.36	-9.73	-14.55	-12.74	-11.43	-16.48
2014-3	-12.14	-7.88	-8.00	-7.85	-7.08	-3.92	-4.55	-4.65	-9.22	-6.19	-6.34	-10.69
2014-4	-6.84	-1.46	-2.18	-2.47	-2.61	1.83	0.76	0.19	-4.53	0.38	-0.63	-3.98
2014-5	-1.88	4.17	3.08	2.23	2.60	8.75	7.23	6.16	0.60	6.93	5.11	2.79
2014-6	2.45	9.23	8.27	7.22	6.89	14.04	12.33	11.27	4.72	11.42	9.58	6.75
2014-7	6.57	11.79	10.96	9.90	11.38	17.00	16.05	15.15	9.23	14.90	13.06	10.05
2014-8	5.83	12.90	12.28	11.55	8.55	12.85	13.02	12.75	7.07	13.25	12.18	8.76
2014-9	2.81	8.98	8.48	8.03	5.95	10.22	10.29	10.53	4.04	9.89	9.43	5.73
变异系数(%)	-154	-1085	-988	-918	-497	537	551	473	-237	1974	1665	-297

时间尺度	W01			W02			W03
时间尺度	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm	T-1 cm	T-10 cm	T-20 cm
月尺度	0.9984	0.9981	0.9955	0.9957	0.9984	0.9956	0.9981	0.9964	0.9969
日尺度	0.9875	0.9846	0.9780	0.9812	0.9781	0.9679	0.9805	0.9667	0.9732
小时尺度	0.9673	0.9033	0.8450	0.9612	0.9115	0.8582	0.9379	0.8392	0.8742
小时尺度—延迟^*	0.9746	0.9256	0.8618	0.9534	0.9323	0.8725	0.9508	0.8478	0.8897

羌塘高原核心区2013-2014年土壤温度变化特征

Characteristics of soil temperature variation in core region of Northern Tibetan Plateau in China during 2013-2014

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