青藏铁路（格拉段）修建对沿线植被生态系统及其弹性的影响

doi:10.11821/dlyj201711008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏铁路穿越区生态脆弱,铁路修建会对沿线区域植被造成破坏。为客观评价铁路修建对沿线植被生态系统的影响,基于1995-2014年覆盖青藏铁路沿线10 km范围的212景Landsat TM/ETM+影像,利用Fmask算法结合STARFM模型去除云、阴影及条带,得到30 m NDVI数据,最后通过一元线性回归和序贯t检验,对10 km区域的NDVI时空演变、稳态转变以及各植被生态系统弹性特征进行分析。结果表明：① 20年间,青藏铁路沿线10 km范围内NDVI“稳中有升”,与青藏高原NDVI变化相符,空间上呈“南高北低”的分布特征;北部区域NDVI变化相对稳定,NDVI下降区域集中在那曲—当雄。② 将沿线10 km范围划分为7个缓冲区,发现铁路修建及附属设施占地对植被的破坏作用最明显,集中在青藏铁路两侧100 m内,并对青藏铁路沿线1 km范围内的植被生长有抑制作用,作用程度与铁路距离成反比。③ 城市及周边、河谷和牧区等人类活动较多的区域NDVI稳态转变最剧烈;各生态系统弹性大小依次为：裸地>荒漠>高山植被>草原>草甸>灌丛>湿地>农田。湿地是最易受外界干扰而改变的类型,是保护的重点类型,而荒漠和裸地生态系统弹性最高,最不易改变,也是生态恢复的难点。

关键词: 生态弹性, 青藏铁路, 植被, 年际变化

Abstract:

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is constructed in an ecologically fragile area, and thus, the railway construction will impact the ecosystem around inevitably. To evaluate the effects of railway objectively, we carried out a study on the basis of 212 Landsat TM/ETM+ images captured in 1995-2014 during the peak period of vegetation growth along the railway and within a 10-km range of it. The Fmask method and the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) were used to remove the cloud, shadow, and gap in those images to acquire clear 30-m NDVI images. Then, the linear regression and sequential T test of regime shifts (STARS) were used to analyze the spatial-temporal change, regime shift, and eco-resilience characteristics of the NDVI in the study area. Results show that: (1) the NDVI of the study area grew slightly in 20 years, similar to the NDVI growth in the whole Tibetan Plateau. The NDVI along the railway is higher in the north than that in the south. The NDVI in the northern part changes slightly, and the area of decline is concentrated in Naqu-Damxung; (2) The railway construction exerts no apparent effects on the ecological system. Both sides of the railway within the range of 1 km are influenced by the railway construction. Most significant damages to vegetation cover resulted by the railway and ancillary facilities construction are within the range of 100 m along the railway. (3) Regime shift and eco-resilience focused in the city and the surrounding valley and pastoral areas caused most dramatic changes in the region. The detection results of different ecosystem types of eco-resilience show that the eco-resilience order is as follows: bare > desert > alpine > grassland > meadow > shrub > wetland > farmland. The wetland ecosystem is the most vulnerable environment and the main type of ecosystem protection. In addition, restoring vegetation is most difficult in the desert ecosystem and bare ground.

Key words: eco-resilience, Qinghai-Tibet railway, vegetation, interannual variation

李延森, 周金星, 吴秀芹. 青藏铁路（格拉段）修建对沿线植被生态系统及其弹性的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(11): 2129-2140.

Yansen Li, Jinxing Zhou, Xiuqin Wu. Effects of the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway on the vegetation ecosystem and eco-resilience[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(11): 2129-2140.

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数据类型	数据参数和说明		获取时间	数据内容	分辨率	获取方式
数据类型	数据来源	条带号	获取时间	数据内容	分辨率	获取方式
影像	Landsat TM/ETM+	p136r035、p137r035、p137r036、p137r037、p137r038、p137r039、p138r036、p138r037、p138r038、p138r039	1995-2014年 7月下旬-9月上旬	当年云覆盖最少的一期影像	30 m	http://glovis.usgs.gov
影像	MODIS MOD09 A1	h25v05、h25v06	2000-2014年8月	无云影像	250 m	https://ladsweb. nasa.gov.com
铁路路线	矢量路线数据		2015年12月	格拉段铁路路线		矢量化
植被类型	中国植被类型数据		2001年	植被类型分布		http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn

生态系统特征	湿地	草甸	草原	农田	灌丛	荒漠	高山植被	裸地
面积占比（%）	5.67	58.11	16.24	0.59	4.95	4.67	6.15	3.61
平均NDVI	0.379	0.332	0.211	0.369	0.316	0.099	0.242	0.090

退化类型	变化范围	0~100 m	100~250 m	250~500 m	500~1000 m	1000~2000 m	2000~5000 m	5000~10000 m	全区占比
显著退化	<~0.008	10.11	2.78	2.86	2.21	1.79	2.06	2.34	2.26
轻度退化	-0.008~-0.002	22.70	12.11	11.73	11.52	10.41	9.30	8.40	9.49
保持稳定	-0.002~0.002	46.77	51.86	51.83	51.81	52.54	52.64	52.95	52.62
轻度增加	0.002~0.008	17.72	28.46	28.87	30.21	30.47	30.06	29.71	29.8
显著增加	>0.008	2.70	4.80	4.71	4.25	4.79	5.93	6.60	5.83

比例	湿地	草甸	草原	高山植被	灌丛	荒漠	裸地	农田
显著减少	5.79	2.70	0.15	1.86	3.43	0.09	0.15	9.44
轻度减少	19.87	11.22	2.95	7.35	12.74	1.23	3.81	14.92
保持稳定	36.51	44.61	68.95	51.19	55.18	93.72	84.02	21.39
轻度增加	28.12	35.09	23.51	34.57	22.02	4.03	10.60	34.99
显著增加	9.72	6.38	4.44	5.02	6.62	0.94	1.42	19.27

稳态转变类型	极低(<0.1)	低(0.1~0.25)	中等(0.25~0.4)	高(0.4~0.55)	极高(>0.55)
稳定	58.06	41.70	52.16	61.43	62.34
波动	25.81	33.98	29.70	26.52	26.64
剧烈波动	16.13	24.31	18.13	12.05	11.03