青藏高原羽柱针茅草原的分布、群落特征和分类

doi:10.11821/dlyj201712013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

羽柱针茅（Stipa basiplumosa）草原是青藏高原特有的群落类型,在羌塘高原中、北部有较为广泛的分布。利用2012-2015年的植被调查数据及已有的文献资料,对羽柱针茅草原的生态地理分布、群落特征和分类做了全面分析。结果表明：羽柱针茅草原分布在阿里地区、那曲地区和日喀则地区,占据海拔4350~5200 m的湖盆外缘和洪积扇中部,分布区干旱、寒冷。群落低矮、物种贫乏、植物稀疏、生物量低。物种组成简单,以菊科、禾本科、豆科、莎草科等为主;生活型以地面芽植物和一年生植物居多;水分生态类型以旱生成分占绝对优势;区系地理成分以青藏高原成分和中亚—亚洲中部成分为多。羽柱针茅草原群系可划分为7个群丛组、20个群丛。

关键词: 丛生禾草草原, 物种组成, 生活型, 区系地理, 群落分类

Abstract:

Stipa basiplumosa steppe is an endemic vegetation formation that occurs restrictedly on Tibetan Plateau. Based on primary plots data obtained from fieldworks during 2012-2015 as well as some earlier documents, we studied the eco-geographic distribution, community characteristics and classification of the Stipa basiplumosa steppe. The results showed that: Stipa basiplumosa formation was distributeds mainly on the outskirts of lake basin and the central section of proluvial fan of Ngari, Nakchu and Shigatse prefectures. It is cold and arid in the distribution area. Quantitative values such as average height, coverage, aboveground biomass and species richness of the formation are lower than those of most of the other steppes. Species composition is simple, and families like Compositae, Poaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae play important roles. In addition, hemicryptophytes and therophytes are in the ascendant among the species life forms. The ecological type of water is simply divided into xerophytes and mesophytes, accounting for 71% and 29%, respectively. Eight floristic geographic elements are involved; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and central Asia-middle Asia elements are the two major floristic ones. Based on classification and nomenclature system of Chinese vegetation, Stipa basiplumosa formation is classified into 7 association groups, consisting of 20 associations.

Key words: bunchgrass steppe, species composition, life form, floristic geographical elements, community classification

乔鲜果, 郭柯, 赵利清, 杨瑶, 赵海卫. 青藏高原羽柱针茅草原的分布、群落特征和分类[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(12): 2432-2440.

Xianguo QIAO, Ke GUO, Liqing ZHAO, Yao YANG, Haiwei ZHAO. Distribution, community characteristics and classification of Stipa basiplumosa steppe on Tibetan Plateau[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(12): 2432-2440.

图/表 4

图1

表1

羽柱针茅草原物种组成"

科	属
菊科（8属,19种）	蒿属（Artemisia,5种）,风毛菊属（Saussurea,4种）,火绒草属（Leontopodium,3种）,紫菀属（Aster,2种）,狗娃花属（Heteropappus,2种）,亚菊属（Ajania,1种）,香青属（Anaphalis,1种）,蒲公英属（Taraxacum,1种）
禾本科（8属,17种）	针茅属（Stipa,6种）,早熟禾属（Poa,3种）,碱茅属（Puccinellia,3种）,野青茅属（Deyeuxia,1种）,羊茅属（Festuca,1种）,以礼草属（Kengyilia,1种）,赖草属（Leymus,1种）,三毛草属（Trisetum,1种）
豆科（4属,13种）	黄耆属（Astragalus,6种）,棘豆属（Oxytropis,5种）,藏豆属（Stracheya,1种）,黄华属（Thermopsis,1种）
蔷薇科（3属,7种）	委陵菜属（Potentilla,3种）,山莓草属（Sibbaldia,3种）,地蔷薇属（Chamaerhodos,1种）
十字花科（6属,7种）	念珠芥属（Neotorularia,2种）,荠属（Capsella,1种）,异蕊芥属（Dimorphostemon,1种）,藏荠属（Hedinia,1种）,独行菜属（Lepidium,1种）,燥原荠属（Ptilotricum,1种）
莎草科（2属,6种）	嵩草属（Kobresia,4种）,薹草属（Carex,2种）
藜科（5属,5种）	轴藜属（Axyris,1种）,藜属（Chenopodium,1种）,刺藜属（Dysphania,1种）,驼绒藜属（Krascheninnikovia,1种）,猪毛菜属（Salsola,1种）
龙胆科（3属,4种）	龙胆属（Gentiana,2种）,肋柱花属（Lomatogonium,1种）,獐牙菜属（Swertia,1种）
报春花科（2属,3种）	点地梅属（Androsace,2种）,海乳草属（Glaux,1种）
石竹科（1属,2种）	无心菜属（Arenaria,2种）
景天科（1属,2种）	红景天属（Rhodiola,2种）
蓼科（1属,2种）	蓼属（Polygonum,2种）
唇形科（1属,2种）	青兰属（Dracocephalum,2种）
毛茛科（1属,1种）	碱毛茛属（Halerpestes,1种）
柽柳科（1属,1种）	水柏枝属（Myricaria,1种）
大戟科（1属,1种）	大戟属（Euphorbia,1种）
堇菜科（1属,1种）	堇菜属（Viola,1种）
罂粟科（1属,1种）	角茴香属（Hypecoum,1种）
瑞香科（1属,1种）	狼毒属（Stellera,1种）
紫葳科（1属,1种）	角蒿属（Incarvillea,1种）
紫草科（1属,1种）	微孔草属（Microula,1种）
玄参科（1属, 1种）	兔耳草属（Lagotis, 1种）
百合科（1属, 1种）	葱属（Allium, 1种）

表1

图2

表2

羽柱针茅草原的群系分类"

群丛组Association group	群丛Association	样地编号Plot number
羽柱针茅 Stipa basiplumosa	羽柱针茅 Stipa basiplumosa	P13, P33, P34, P35
羽柱针茅、丛生禾草 Stipa basiplumosa, perennial bunchgrasses	羽柱针茅+紫花针茅 Stipa basiplumosa + Stipa purpurea 羽柱针茅+沙生针茅 Stipa basiplumosa + Stipa glareosa 羽柱针茅+昆仑针茅 Stipa basiplumosa + Stipa roborowskyi 羽柱针茅+镰芒针茅 Stipa basiplumosa+ Stipa caucasica 羽柱针茅+矮野青茅 Stipa basiplumosa + Deyeuxia tibetica var. przevaiskyi 羽柱针茅+羊茅 Stipa basiplumosa +Festuca ovina 羽柱针茅+曲枝早熟禾 Stipa basiplumosa + Poa pagophila	P8. P9, P10, P11, P20, P23, P41, P44 P17, P19, P42, P46, P47, P48, P49 P6 P22 P5 P3 P29
羽柱针茅、根茎禾草 Stipa basiplumosa, perennial rhizomatous grasses	羽柱针茅+赖草 Stipa basiplumosa +Leymus secalinus	P7
羽柱针茅、根茎莎草 Stipa basiplumosa, perennial rhizomatous sedges	羽柱针茅+匍茎嵩草 Stipa basiplumosa +Kobresia stolonifera 羽柱针茅+窄叶薹草 Stipa basiplumosa +Carex montis-everestii 羽柱针茅+青藏薹草 Stipa basiplumosa + Carex moorcroftii	P4 P14, P16 P26, P32, P36, P37, P38, P40, P45
羽柱针茅、多年生杂类草 Stipa basiplumosa, perennial forbs	羽柱针茅+藓状雪灵芝 Stipa basiplumosa + Arenaria bryophylla 羽柱针茅+二裂委陵菜 Stipa basiplumosa + Potentilla bifurca 羽柱针茅+矮生二裂委陵菜 Stipa basiplumosa + Potentilla bifurca var. humilior 羽柱针茅+藏沙蒿 Stipa basiplumosa + Artemisia wellbyi 羽柱针茅+垫型蒿 Stipa basiplumosa + Artemisia minor 羽柱针茅+铺散亚菊 Stipa basiplumosa + Ajania khartensis	P1 P2 P12 P30, P31 P21, P28 P18
羽柱针茅、一年生杂类草 Stipa basiplumosa, annuals	羽柱针茅+平卧藜 Stipa basiplumosa + Chenopodium prostratum	P15
羽柱针茅、小半灌木 Stipa basiplumosa, subshurbs	羽柱针茅+垫状驼绒藜 Stipa basiplumosa - Krascheninnikovia compacta	P24, P25, P27, P39, P43

表2

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