干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究——以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201801012

地理研究 ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1): 158-170.doi: 10.11821/dlyj201801012

干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究——以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例

马琪^1,²(), 刘康¹(), 刘文宗², 李婷³

1. 西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127
2. 陕西省环境科学研究院,西安 710061
3. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085

收稿日期:2017-06-20 修回日期:2017-11-08 发布日期:2018-01-31
作者简介:
作者简介：马琪（1987- ）,男,陕西榆林人,博士研究生,研究方向为综合自然地理学与生态评估。E-mail：502006767@qq.com
基金资助:
环保部重点项目（STSN-05-27）;国家发改委、国土资源部、环保部、住建部四部委“多规合一”试点项目

Zoning the ecological redline in arid and semiarid regions: Taking Yulin city as an example in the context of an integrated multi-planning

Qi MA^1,²(), Kang LIU¹(), Wenzong LIU², Ting LI³

1. College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
2. Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100085, China

Received:2017-06-20 Revised:2017-11-08 Published:2018-01-31
About author:
Author: Shi Zhenqin (1988-), PhD, specialized in regional development and land space management in mountain areas. E-mail: kevinszq@163.com

^*Corresponding author: Deng Wei (1957-), Professor, specialized in mountain environment and regional development.

E-mail: dengwei@imde.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

划定生态保护红线是构筑区域生态安全屏障的基础,是经济社会可持续发展的基本保障;干旱半干旱区水资源短缺是威胁区域生态安全的首要因素,生态保护红线划分应切实以保护水资源安全供给为根本。以干旱半干旱区“多规合一”试点地区榆林市为例,通过对关键生态系统服务功能评估和生态敏感性评价,以水资源约束为核心,提出了生态保护红线体系与划分方法。结果表明：① 榆林市生态保护红线总面积16998.59 km²,占到全市国土面积的39.60%;其中水源涵养功能红线面积5147.15 km²,秃尾河、榆溪河、芦河、无定河上游是水源涵养核心区域,产水总量高达34.57×10⁷ m³;丘陵沟壑区和风沙滩区植被覆盖较高的区域生态功能极为重要,其中12.38%和23.25%的国土面积分别提供了50%以上的水土保持功能和防风固沙功能。② 水源涵养、防风固沙、生物多样性维护功能红线和禁止开发区红线主要分布于西北风沙滩区;南部沟壑区以水土保持功能为主,红线类型较单一。因此,西北风沙滩区的生态保护对榆林市生态安全维护更重要。研究结果可为“多规合一”各类规划间相互矛盾的有效化解提供决策依据,同时为其他干旱半干旱区生态保护红线的划定提供参考。

关键词: 生态保护红线, 水资源, 生态系统服务, 多规合一, 榆林市

Abstract:

Zoning the ecological redline is a key for the regional eological security shelters' construcation and social-economic sustainable development. Since water resources shortage is an overriding factor threatening ecological security in arid and semiarid regions, zoning the ecological redline should be based on the security of regional water supply in these regions. In this paper, taking Yulin city (a pilot of the integrated multi-planning) as an example, we proposed a method for zoning the ecological redline by assessing the key ecosystem services and ecological sensitivity with the consideration of water resouces constraints. The results indicated that: (1) the area of ecological redline was 16998.59 km², covering 39.60% of the territory of Yulin city. The area of redline in water conservation was 5147.15 km², in which the upstream of watersheds in Tuwei River, Yuxi River, Luhe River and Wuding River were the core regions of water supply with an total amount of 34.57×10⁷ m³ water producation per year. About 12.38% of loess area and 23.25% of sandy area contributed more than half of the ecological services of soil and water conservation and sand fixation, repectively, which indicates the importances of these two areas in Yulin city. (2) Sand area in the northwest of Yulin city covered multiple redlines, including water conservation, sand fixation, biodiversity conservation and forbidden development zones, while the loess hilly area in the south covered only the redline of soil conservation. This means that the sandy area may play a more important role in the protection of the regional ecological security of Yulin city compared with the loess hilly area. This study provided a scientific basis for solving the conflicts effectively among various types of planning as well as a theoretical framewok in zoning the ecological redline in other arid and semiarid regions.

Key words: ecological redline, water resources, ecosystem services, integrated multi-planning, Yulin city

马琪, 刘康, 刘文宗, 李婷. 干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究——以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(1): 158-170.

Qi MA, Kang LIU, Wenzong LIU, Ting LI. Zoning the ecological redline in arid and semiarid regions: Taking Yulin city as an example in the context of an integrated multi-planning[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018, 37(1): 158-170.

图/表 11

图1

图2

表1

各类型生态保护红线定量测度模型与方法"

评价内容		研究方法			数据来源
评价内容		方法类型		计算公式	指标参数
生态功能重要性	水源涵养功能	InVEST产水量模型	$Y jx = 1 - AE T xj P x × P x$ $AE T xj P x = 1 + ω x R xj 1 + ω x R xj + 1 R xj$ $R xj = k × E T 0 P x$ ; $ω x = z AW C x P x$	Y_jx为年产水量;P_x为栅格单元x的年均降雨量;AET_xj为土地利用类型j上栅格单元x的年平均蒸散发量;ω为修正植被年可利用水量与预期降水量的比值;R_xj为土地利用类型j上栅格单元x的干燥指数;k (或ET_k) 为植被蒸散系数;ET₀潜在蒸散发量;z为zhang系数;AWC_x为植被有效可利用水	土地覆盖分类数据、ET₀均来自“全国生态环境十年变化遥感调查与评估项目”下发数据;P_x根据25个气象站内多年平均降水量反距离平方加权法插值获得;土壤深度根据森林资源二类调查图斑属性数据获得;ET_k根据“全国生态十年变化遥感调查与评估项目”下发的叶面积指数计算获得,其他相关参数设定参考包玉斌^[21]的设定方法
	水土保持功能	修正自通用水土流失方程(USLE)的水土保持服务模型	$A c = A p - A r = R × K × L × S × 1 - C$	A_c表示土壤保持量,A_p为潜在土壤侵蚀量,A_r为实际土壤侵蚀量,R为降水因子,K为土壤可蚀性因子;L、S为地形因子;C为植被覆盖因子	R根据王万忠等利用降水资料计算的中国100多个城市的R值,采用反距离权重内插方法获得^[24]、L、S基于DEM的流域坡度坡长因子计算方法求得^[25];K根据郭兆元编《陕西土壤》和《陕西省第二次土壤普查数据集》中土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒和有机碳百分含量通过Fryeard等^[26]方程计算;C因子参考李柏延^[27]等人在榆林的C因子计算取值方法,由生态十年项目下发的植被覆盖度数据计算获得
	防风固沙功能	修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)	$SR = 2 ? z S 2 Q max ? e - z s 2$ $S = 150.71 WF × EF × SFC × K' × 1 - C - 0.371$ $Q max = 109.8 WF × EF × SFC × K' × 1 - C$	SR为防风固沙量（kg/m²）;S为区域侵蚀系数;Q_max为风蚀最大转移量（kg/m）;WF为气候因子;EF为土壤可蚀性因子;SFC为土壤结皮因子;K′为地表粗糙度因子;C为植被覆盖度因子	“全国生态环境十年变化遥感调查与评估项目”下发的结果数据
生态系统敏感性	水土流失敏感性	均方根法	$SS_{i}=\sqrt[4]{R_{i}\times{K_{i}}\times{LS_{i}}\times{C_{i}}}$	SS_i为i空间单元水土流失敏感性指数,R_i、K_i、LS_i、C_i分别代表i评价区域降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡度坡长、植被覆盖的敏感性等级值	与水土保持功能因子相同,LS_i实际评估时应用地形起伏度
生态系统敏感性	土地沙化敏感性	均方根法	$D_{i}=\sqrt[4]{I_{i}\times{W_{i}}\times{K_{i}}\times{C_{i}}}$	D_i代表i空间单元土地沙化敏感性指数;I_i、W_i、K_i、C_i分别代表i评价干燥度指数、起沙风天数、土壤质地和植被覆盖度的敏感性等级值	I_i、W_i根据中国气象科学数据共享服务网下载的日均降水、温度、风速等计算;土壤质地K_i来源于《陕西省第二次土壤普查数据集》;C_i来源于生态十年项目下发的植被覆盖度因子数据

表1

表2

表3

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表4

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评价内容	指标	一般敏感	敏感	极敏感
水土流失敏感性	降雨侵蚀力R	≤100	（100, 600]	>600
	土壤可蚀性K	≤0.024	（0.024, 0.043]	>0.044
	坡度坡长LS	≤50	（50, 300]	>300
	植被覆盖度因子C	>0.6	（0.2, 0.6]	≤0.2
土地沙化敏感性评	干燥指数I	≤1.5	（1.5, 16.0]	>16.0
	≥6 m/s起沙风天数W	≤10	（10, 30]	>30
	土壤质地K	黏质	砾质、壤质	沙质
	植被覆盖度因子C	>0.6	（0.2, 0.6]	≤0.2
分级赋值		1	3	5

敏感性等级	一般敏感	敏感	极敏感
分级赋值	1	3	5
分级标准	[1.0, 2.0]	(2.0, 4.0]	>4.0

生态红线名称	功能类型	管控级别	面积（km²）	面积占比（%）
禁止开发区生态保护红线		一级	1527.79	3.56
重点生态功能区生态保护红线	水源涵养功能区生态保护红线	二级	5147.15	11.99
	水土保持功能区生态保护红线	三级	5871.97	13.68
	防风固沙功能区生态保护红线	三级	7675.58	17.88
	生物多样性维护区生态保护红线	三级	1132.96	2.64
生态敏感区生态保护红线	水土流失敏感区生态保护红线	三级	530.95	1.24

干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究——以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例

Zoning the ecological redline in arid and semiarid regions: Taking Yulin city as an example in the context of an integrated multi-planning

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