赤水河流域中上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响

doi:10.11821/dlyj201804005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在喀斯特地区,较大的地表坡降和坡地开发强度导致承载在地表景观上的污染物因地势和降水加倍迁移到河水中。以赤水河流域中上游为研究区,分别在全子流域、子流域坡地、子流域陡坡地三个层面上提取景观结构、景观开发强度和景观格局指数,研究各级坡地景观特征对水质的影响。结果表明：① 与总林地相比坡林地对水质潜在的“汇”作用更加显著;占总耕地面积不足1/7的陡坡耕地、却对河水中总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度大小贡献显著（相关系数为0.608和0.614）。② 景观开发强度与各水质污染物指标呈现显著而稳定的正相关性,相关系数最高达0.960,它比单个景观对水质指标更具解释能力。③ 斑块形状复杂度、景观多样性、景观分离度均与水质污染物指标呈高度或显著正相关,且随着地形坡度的增大,水质污染物指标对景观散布与并列指数（IJI）和农香多样性指数（SHDI）越来越敏感。故减少对坡地尤其是陡坡地景观的不当人为干扰,对喀斯特地区流域水质保护有重要意义。

关键词: 喀斯特地区, 坡地及陡坡地, 景观特征, 河流水质, 赤水河流域中上游

Abstract:

This study, with the sampling cases of the upper and middle reaches of the Chishui River Watershed in the karst region of southern China, attempts to examine the response mechanism of water quality variables to sloping landscape elements, which include landscape structure, landscape development intensity and landscape pattern, respectively extracted from three aspects of the whole sub-watershed, sloping land and steep land of the sub-watershed. The GIS spatial analysis and statistical analysis are employed based on Landsat8 OLI data and the water quality monitoring data during the plentiful water season and the withered water season from 2012 to 2013. There are three sub-sections in this study. One is the relationship between landscape structure and water quality. The data analysis results indicate that the landscape structure of sloping land and steep land has significant effect on the water quality of the river. Compared with the total woodland, the slope woodland has more significant positive effect on water quality. The percentage of steep slope cropland area has significant positive correlations with total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) (the correlation coefficients reach 0.608 and 0.614), which shows that the percentage of steep slope cropland area has significant negative effect on water quality. The second is the relationship analysis between landscape development intensity and water quality. The indicators, which have a significant and stable positive correlation (the highest correlation coefficient is 0.960), show that the landscape development intensity is more explicable to the water quality variables than any other single landscape composition. The last is the relationship analysis between sloping landscape pattern and water quality. The water quality is affected by complexity of the patch, isolation and diversity of landscape in this region. It is also found that the water quality variables have become increasingly sensitive to the Interspersion and Juxtaposition Index (IJI) and the Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) with slope degree increase. Therefore, more restrictions should be present to curtail land clearing on steep hills, and to keep away disturbance and destruction from human on the sloping land, especially on the steep land. It is significant to protect water quality in the karst area.

Key words: karst region, sloping land and steep land, landscape features, water quality, the upper and middle reaches of the Chishui River Watershed

蔡宏, 林国敏, 康文华. 赤水河流域中上游坡地景观特征对河流水质的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(4): 704-716.

Hong CAI, Guomin LIN, Wenhua KANG. The effects of sloping landscape features on water quality in the upper and middle reaches of the Chishui River Watershed[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2018, 37(4): 704-716.

图/表 9

表1

图1

图2

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

参考文献 34

[1]	Nash M S, Heggem D T, Ebert D, et al.Multi-scale landscape factors influencing stream water quality in the state of Oregon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009, 156(1-4): 343-360. doi: 10.1007/s10661-008-0489-x pmid: 18758981
[2]	黄金良, 黄亚玲, 李青生, 等. 流域水质时空分布特征及其影响因素初析. 环境科学, 2012, 33(4): 1098-1107.
	[Huang Jinliang, Huang Yaling, Li Qingsheng, et al.Preliminary analysis of spatiotemporal variation of water quality and its influencing factors in the Jiulong river watershed. Environmental Science, 2012, 33(4): 1098-1107.]
[3]	Pratt B, Chang H J.Effects of land cover, topography, and built structure on seasonal water quality at multiple spatial scales. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, 209(12): 48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.068 pmid: 22277338
[4]	Gillies R, Brim Box J, Symanzik J, et al.Effects of urbanization on the aquatic fauna of the line creek watershed, Atlantaa satellite perspective. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2003, 86(3): 411-422. doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00082-8
[5]	刘丽娟, 李小玉, 何兴元. 流域尺度上的景观格局与河流水质关系研究进展. 生态学报, 2011, 31(19): 5460-5465.
	[Liu Lijuan, Li Xiaoyu, He Xingyuan.Advances in the studying of the relationship between landscape pattern and river water quality at the watershed scale. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2011, 31(19): 5460-5465.]
[6]	Thomas A R C, Bond A J, Hiscock K M. A multi-criteria based review of models that predict environmental impacts of land use-change for perennial energy crops on water, carbon and nitrogen cycling. GCB Bioenergy, 2013, 5(3): 227-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01198.x
[7]	徐建锋, 尹炜, 闫峰陵, 等. 农业源头流域景观异质性与溪流水质耦合关系. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(10): 3193-3200.
	[Xu Jianfeng, Yin Wei, Yan Fengling, et al.The coupling relationship between landscape heterogeneity and stream water quality in an agricultural catchment, China. Environmental Sciences, 2016, 36(10): 3193-3200.]
[8]	张亚娟, 李崇巍, 胡蓓蓓, 等. 城镇化流域“源—汇”景观格局对河流氮磷空间分异的影响: 以天津于桥水库流域为例. 生态学报, 2017, 37(7): 1-10. doi: 10.5846/stxb201512242566
	[Zhang Yajuan, Li Chongwei, Hu Beibei, et al.Impact of a "source-sink" landscape pattern in an urbanized watershed on nitrogen and phosphorus spatial variations in rivers: A case study of Yuqiao Reservoir watershed, Tianjin, China. Acta Ecological Sinica, 2017, 37(7): 1-10.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201512242566
[9]	胡和兵, 刘红玉, 郝敬锋, 等. 南京市九乡河流域景观格局空间分异对河流水质的影响. 环境科学, 2012, 33(3): 794-801.
	[Hu Hebing, Liu Hongyu, Hao Jingfeng, et al.Influence of spatial difference on water quality in Jiuxiang river wateran, Nanjing. Environmental Science, 2012, 33(3): 794-801.]
[10]	夏品华, 孔祥量, 喻理飞. 草海湿地小流域土地利用与景观格局对氮、磷输出的影响. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(8): 2983-2989. doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0681
	[Xia Pinhua, Kong Xiangliang, Yu Lifei.Effects of land-use and landscape pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in Caohai wetland watershed. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(8): 2983-2989.] doi: 10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2015.0681
[11]	杨莎莎, 汤萃文, 刘丽娟, 等. 流域尺度上河流水质与土地利用的关系. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(7): 1953-1961.
	[Yang Shasha, Tang Cuiwen, Liu Lijuan, et al.Relationships between river water quality and land use type at watershed scale. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(7): 1953-1961.]
[12]	Huang Jinliang, Lin Jie, Tu Zhenshun.Detecting spatiotemporal change of land use and landscape pattern in a coastal gulf region, southeast of China. Environment Development and Sustainability, 2010, 12(1): 232-236. doi: 10.1007/s10668-008-9178-8
[13]	焦胜, 杨娜, 彭楷, 等. 沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响. 地理研究, 2014, 33(12): 2263-2274. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201412005
	[Jiao Sheng, Yang Na, Peng Kai, et al.The effects of land-use and landscape pattern on water quality in Weihe river watershed. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(12): 2263-2274.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201412005
[14]	杨朝辉, 苏群, 陈志辉, 等. 基于LDI的土地利用类型与湿地水质的相关性: 以苏州太湖三山岛国家湿地公园为例. 环境科学, 2017, 38(1): 104-112. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201606122
	[Yang Zhaohui, Su Qun, Chen Zhi hui, et al. Correlation between LDI-based land use types and water quality in Sanshan Island of Taihu Lake National Wetland Park, Suzhou. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(1): 104-112.] doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201606122
[15]	Cai Hong, He Zhengwei, Yang Dong, et al.Distribution and formation of the abnormal heat island in Guiyang, southwestern China. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 2014, 8(8): 1-11. doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.8.083637
[16]	詹蕾. SRTMDEM的精度评价及其适用性研究. 南京: 南京师范大学硕士学位论文, 2008. doi: 10.7666/d.y1329702
	[Zhan Lei.Evaluation of SRTM DEMs' accuracy and investigation on it's applicability. Nanjing: Master Dissertation of Nanjing normal University, 2008] doi: 10.7666/d.y1329702
[17]	蒋浩. 我国赤水河水质时空分布及其对人类活动的响应分析. 贵阳: 贵州大学硕士学位论文, 2014.
	[Jiang Hao.Spatiotemporal distribution of water quality in Chishui River and its response analysis to human activities. Guiyang: Master Dissertation of Guizhou University, 2014.]
[18]	陈蕾, 邱凉, 翟红娟. 赤水河流域水资源保护研究. 人民长江, 2011, 42(2): 67-70. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4179.2011.02.019
	[Chen Lei, Qiu Liang, Zhai Hongjuan.Research on water resources protection of Chishui river basin. Yangtze River, 2011, 42(2): 67-70.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4179.2011.02.019
[19]	蔡宏, 何政伟, 安艳玲, 等. 基于遥感和GIS的赤水河水质对流域土地利用的响应研究. 长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(2): 286-291. doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201502015
	[Cai Hong, He Zhengwei, An Yanling, et al.Response relationship between land use and water quality in Chishui river basin on RS and GIS. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(2): 286-291.] doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201502015
[20]	张跃红, 安裕伦, 马良瑞, 等. 1960-2010年贵州省喀斯特山区陡坡土地利用变化. 地理科学进展, 2012, 31(7): 878-884. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.07.006
	[Zhang Yuehong, An Yulun, Ma Ruiliang, et al.Land use change of slope land in Karst mountainous regions, Guizhou province during 1960-2010. Advances in Earth Science, 2012, 31(7): 878-884.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.07.006
[21]	胡世雄, 靳长兴. 坡面土壤侵蚀临界坡度问题的理论与实验研究. 地理学报, 1999, 54(4): 347-356.
	[Hu Shixiong, Jin Changxing.Theoretical analysis and experimental study on the critical slope of erosion. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999, 54(4): 347-356.]
[22]	哈凯, 丁庆龙, 门明新, 等. 山地丘陵区土地利用分布及其与地形因子关系: 以河北省怀来县为例. 地理研究, 2015, 34(5): 909-921. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201505010
	[Ha Kai, Ding Qinglong, Men Mingxin, et al.Spatial distribution of land use and its relationship with terrain factors in hilly area. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5): 909-921.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201505010
[23]	吴琳娜, 杨胜天, 刘晓燕, 等. 1976年以来北洛河流域土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应. 地理学报, 2014, 69(1): 54-63. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201401005
	[Wu Linna, Yang Shengtian, Liu Xiaoyan, et al.Response analysis of land use change to the degree of human activities in Beiluo River basin since 1976. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(1): 54-63.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201401005
[24]	刘纪远, 布和敖斯尔. 中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究: 基于卫星遥感数据. 第四纪研究, 2000, 20(3): 229-240. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2000.03.003
	[Liu Jiyuan, Buheaosier. Study on spatial-temporal feature of modern land use change in China: Using remote sensing techniques. Quaternary Sciences, 2000, 20(3): 229-240.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2000.03.003
[25]	薛薇. 统计分析与SPSS的应用. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2001.
	[Xue Wei.Application of Statistical Analysis and SPSS. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2001.]
[26]	王成, 魏朝富, 袁敏, 等. 不同地貌类型下景观格局对土地利用方式的响应. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(9): 64-71.
	[Wang Cheng, Wei Chaofu, Yuan Min, et al.Response to the landscape pattern on the land use pattern under the different types of geomorphology. Transactions of the CSAE, 2007, 23(9): 64-71.]
[27]	杨娅楠, 王金亮, 陈光杰, 等. 抚仙湖流域土地利用格局与水质变化关系. 国土资源遥感, 2016, 28(1): 159-165. doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.01.23
	[Yang Yanan, Wang Jinliang, Cheng Guangjie, et al.Relationship between land use pattern and water quality change in Fuxian Lake basin. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources, 2016, 28(1): 159-165.] doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.01.23
[28]	黄金良, 李青生, 洪华生, 等. 九龙江流域土地利用/景观格局-水质的初步关联分析. 环境科学, 2011, 32(1): 64-72.
	[Huang Jinliang, Li Qingsheng, Hong Huasheng, et al.Preliminary study on linking land use & landscape pattern and water quality in the Jiulong river watershed. Environmental Science, 2011, 32(1): 64-72.]
[29]	Slive L, Williams D D.Buffer zone versus whole catchment approaches to studying land use impact on river water quality. Water Research, 2001, 35(14): 3462-3472. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00062-8 pmid: 11547869
[30]	张大伟, 李杨帆, 孙翔, 等. 入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析. 环境科学, 2010, 31(8): 1775-1783.
	[Zhang Dawei, Li Yangfan, Sun Xiang, et al.Relationship between landscape pattern and river water quality in Wujingang region, Taihu lake watershed. Environmental Science, 2010, 31(8): 1775-1783.]
[31]	梁小英, 顾铮鸣, 雷敏, 等. 土地功能与土地利用表征土地系统和景观格局的差异研究: 以陕西省蓝田县为例. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(7): 1127-1135. doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2014.07.004
	[Liang Xiaoying, Gu Zhengming, Lei Min, et al.The differences between land use function and land use to reflecting the change of land use system and their impacts on landscape pattern: A case study of Lantian county in Shaanxi province, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(7): 1127-1135.] doi: 10.11849/zrzyxb.2014.07.004
[32]	耿润哲, 李明涛, 王晓燕, 等. 基于SWAT 模型的流域土地利用格局变化对面源污染的影响. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(16): 241-250.
	[Geng Runzhe, Li Mingtao, Wang Xiaoyan, et al.Effect of land use/landscape changes on diffuse pollution load from watershed based on SWAT model. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(16): 241-250.]
[33]	王鹏, 齐述华, 陈波. 赣江流域土地利用方式对河流水质的影响. 生态学报, 2015, 35(13): 4326-4337. doi: 10.5846/stxb201409221870
	[Wang Peng, Qi Shuhua, Chen Bo.Influence of land use on river water quality in the Ganjiang Basin. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(13): 4326-4337.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201409221870
[34]	Bu Hongmei, Meng Wei, Zhang Yuan, et al.Relationships between land use patterns and water quality in the Taizi River basin, China. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 41: 187-197. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.02.003

阶段	水质指标	平均值	最大值	最小值	标准差
枯水期/丰水期	TP（mg/L）	0.067/0.029	0.603/0.266	0.003/0.001	0.158/0.075
	COD_cr（mg/L）	4.569/10.900	12.600/27.700	1.500/1.300	3.310/8.139
	TN（mg/L）	0.294/0.462	0.829/0.722	0.047/0.286	0.181/0.105
	NH₃-N（mg/L）	0.094/0.105	0.433/0.610	0.002/0.010	0.111/0.116
	水质综合指数	1.538/2.082	3.394/4.000	1.064/1.700	0.579/0.616

	PD	SHAPEMN	CONTAG	IJI	SHDI
子流域（总体）	72.335	1.254	49.154	55.658	0.893
子流域坡地（6°~25°）	73.403	1.269	51.877	51.220	0.898
子流域陡坡地（>25°）	67.646	1.248	63.638	47.589	0.740

时期	丰水期					枯水期
指标	TP	COD_cr	TN	NH₃-N	水质综合指数	TP	COD_cr	TN	NH₃-N	水质综合指数
林地（总体）	-0.623^*	-0.809^**	-0.800^**	-0.562	-0.698^*	-0.725^**	-0.489	-0.539	-0.596^*	-0.685^**
坡林（6°~25°）	-0.648^*	-0.892^**	-0.845^**	-0.569	-0.726^*	-0.710^**	-0.486	-0.574^*	-0.672^*	-0.694^**
陡坡林地（>25°）	-0.49	-0.29	-0.54	-0.49	-0.49	-0.43	-0.3	-0.26	-0.19	-0.36
耕地（总体）	-0.218	-0.087	0.373	-0.124	-0.132	-0.185	-0.337	0.104	0.058	-0.269
坡耕地（6°~25°）	-0.255	-0.26	0.227	-0.313	-0.245	-0.414	-0.445	-0.077	-0.143	-0.423
陡坡耕地（>25°）	0.608^*	0.362	0.155	0.189	0.833^**	0.014	-0.301	0.121	0.641^*	-0.044
建设用地（总体）	0.953^**	0.694^*	0.786^**	0.928^**	0.957^**	0.977^**	0.556^*	0.848^**	0.845^**	0.950^**
坡建设用地（6°~25°）	0.956^**	0.716^*	0.805^**	0.914^**	0.955^**	0.942^**	0.548	0.805^**	0.795^**	0.927^**
陡坡建设用地（>25°）	0.671^*	0.693^*	0.672^*	0.635^*	0.716^*	0.681^*	0.392	0.617^*	0.607^*	0.718^**
灌草（总体）	0.287	0.730^*	0.54	0.235	0.393	0.421	0.46	0.241	0.311	0.412
坡灌草（6°~25°）	0.229	0.690^*	0.504	0.173	0.335	0.371	0.44	0.176	0.227	0.365
陡坡灌草（>25°）	0.139	0.726^*	0.438	0.08	0.262	0.183	0.323	0.091	0.23	0.174

指标	丰水期			枯水期
指标	L	L_坡	L_陡坡	L	L_坡	L_陡坡
TP	0.960^**	0.835^**	-0.234	0.921^**	0.799^**	-0.241
COD_cr	0.655^*	0.712^*	0.190	0.467	0.388	-0.173
TN	0.847^**	0.917^**	-0.174	0.778^**	0.658^*	-0.125
NH₃-N	0.920^**	0.757^**	-0.273	0.790^**	0.693^**	0.023
水质综合指数	0.959^**	0.858^**	-0.171	0.870^**	0.754^**	-0.183

时期	丰水期					枯水期
指标	TP	COD_cr	TN	NH₃-N	水质综合指数	TP	COD_cr	TN	NH₃-N	水质综合指数
PD	0.14	0.156	0.341	0.184	0.165	0.132	0.415	0.035	-0.134	0.13
SHAPEMN	0.746^**	0.841^**	0.799^**	0.672^*	0.821^**	0.750^**	0.563^*	0.499	0.584^*	0.730^**
SHAPEMN_坡	0.537	0.805^**	0.714^*	0.387	0.617^*	0.577^*	0.578^*	0.368	0.46	0.576^*
SHAPEMN_陡坡	0.352	0.176	-0.106	0.356	0.374	0.337	0.245	0.131	0.249	0.286
IJI	0.536	0.753^**	0.667^*	0.545	0.631^*	0.571^*	0.379	0.403	0.429	0.589^*
IJI_坡	0.749^**	0.772^**	0.809^**	0.739^**	0.810^**	0.761^**	0.466	0.636^*	0.670^*	0.764^**
IJI_陡坡	0.766^**	0.873^**	0.969^**	0.674^*	0.805^**	0.876^**	0.551	0.745^**	0.811^**	0.845^**
SHDI	0.628^*	0.699^*	0.748^**	0.615^*	0.678^*	0.595^*	0.558^*	0.605^*	0.625^*	0.560^*
SHDI_坡	0.562	0.842^**	0.633^*	0.499	0.651^*	0.638^*	0.528	0.499	0.522	0.632^*
SHDI_陡坡	0.406	0.845^**	0.688^*	0.334	0.529	0.454	0.407	0.227	0.413	0.386
CONTAG	-0.467	-0.808^**	-0.718^*	-0.336	-0.562	-0.560^*	-0.416	-0.356	-0.491	-0.493