Characteristics of economic evolution and the influencing factors of resource-dependent cities in China: The role of path dependence, vulnerability and path creation
1. Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development & Collaborative, Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, Henan, China; 2. College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China 3. College of International Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, Henan, China
Taking 116 Chinese resource-dependent cities as research objects, this paper analyzes the economic evolution characteristics and path differentiation of resource-dependent cities from three aspects of path dependence, vulnerability and path creation. The econometric model is adopted to study the roles of the three aspects on economic growth and structure transition of resource-dependent cities, and the factors that affect the three aspects are also analyzed. The results are shown as follows: (1) Resource-dependent cities in northern China are of higher path dependence. Vulnerability of north and inland areas is generally higher, while path creation ability decreases from the coast to the inland. Some cities are of higher vulnerability and lower path creation, such as those of Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. (2) Evolution paths of China's resource-dependent cities can be divided into three types: the tendency to be lock-in, the tendency to unlock and random variation. (3)The effects of path dependence, vulnerability and path creation on economic growth and transition will differ under different macroeconomic circumstances: vulnerability is conducive to economic growth when macro-economy expands rapidly, and cities with strong path creativity are slower to grow. When Chinese economy enters the new normal stage, it presents that the path dependence and vulnerability would hinder the economic growth. (4) Path dependence and path creation are greatly affected by population scale and the proportion of state-owned enterprises. The level of vulnerability is mainly related to population agglomeration. The proportion of mining industry affects the path creation of resource-dependent industry, while the openness degree affects the path creation of non-resource industry. The north, inland and coal-dependent cities are prone to be of high path dependence. (5) The key of reducing path dependence and improving path creation is to upgrade population scale and decrease the proportion of state-owned enterprises. Population agglomeration and opening to the outside world are conducive to the decline of vulnerability and the promotion of path creativity. Different and targeted policies and measures should be implemented by taking into account the regions, resource types and evolutionary paths of resource-dependent cities.
苗长虹,
胡志强,
耿凤娟等
. 中国资源型城市经济演化特征与影响因素——路径依赖、脆弱性和路径创造的作用[J]. 地理研究,
2018, 37(7): 1268-1281.
MIAO Changhong,
HU Zhiqiang,
GENG Fengjuan et al
. Characteristics of economic evolution and the influencing factors of resource-dependent cities in China: The role of path dependence, vulnerability and path creation[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH,
2018, 37(7): 1268-1281.
[ShenYuming, YangBinbin, ZhangYun.Study on the eco-environmental problems and its countermeasures in the sustainable development of resources-dependent cities: A case study of Jining city. Geographical Research, 2006, 25(3): 430-438.]
[ChenYan, MeiLin.Coordination of the "economy-society-environment" triad in the transition development of resource: Based cities in Northeast China. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(2): 307-318.]
[LiuChunyan, XiePing, MaoDuanqian.Selection of the superseded industries of resources recession city: A case of Pingxiang city. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(2): 192-197.]
[YangXianming, JiaoHuafu, XuJili.Study on the evolution model, process and influence factors of the coal resource-based cities' spatial structure: A case study of Huainan city. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(3): 513-524.]
[YangXianming, JiaoHuafu.The path, evolution and mechanism of the industry structure locking-in for the coal resource-dependent city: A case study of Huaibei. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(10): 1256-1264.]
[6]
刘云刚. 大庆市资源型产业结构转型对策研究. 经济地理, 2000, 20(5): 26-29.
[LiuYungang.Studies on the adjustment of the industrial structure of resource type cities in the northeast area: Daqing as an example. Economic Geography, 2000, 20(5): 26-29.]
[FanYuxin, GaoFeng, SunChengquan, et al.Pondering on economy transition of nonferrous-mental resources-based cities. China Population,Resources and Environment, 2004, 14(3): 85-87.]
[ZhaoYan, XueHuifeng.Study on the economic development transition of forest resource-dependent cities. Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the C.P.C., 2009, 13(3): 37-41.]
[YangYu, DongWen, LiuYi, et al.Resources-dependent industry development and its countermeasures in Northeast China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(9): 1359-1370.]
[YuJianhui, ZhangWenzhong, WangDai, et al.The effect of resource-exhausted city transformation. Resources Science, 2013, 35(9): 1812-1820.]
[11]
SunWei, LiYang, WangDai, et al.The efficiencies and their changes of China's resources-based cities employing DEA and Malmquist Index Models. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2012, 22(3): 509-520.http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11442-012-0943-0
[ZhuAiqin, ZengJuxin, TangChengcai, et al.Measuring the potentiality of regulation on the lifecycle of resource-dependent city. Human Geography, 2013, 28(5): 69-75.]
[LiJiangsu, TangZhipeng.An analysis of industrial structure increase of regenerative resource-based cities: A case of Tangshan city. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(4): 707-718.]
[ZhangZhiyun, LiuHui, YangYiwei.Urban spatio-temporal expansion process for resource-exhausted cities: A case study of Huaibei city. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(1): 183-198.]
[HuangYue, LiQiuyu, MeiLin, et al.Resource curse effect and transmission mechanism of resource-dependent cities in Northeast China. Human Geography, 2015, 30(6): 121-125.]
[SunMiao, DingSibao.The analysis on the reasons of institution system in Chinese resource-typed cities' recession. Economic Geography, 2005, 25(2): 273-276.]
CoeN, HessM, Yung HW, et al.'Globalizing' regional development: A global production networks perspective. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,New Series, 2004, 29(4): 468-484.
[19]
David PA.Clio and the economics of QWERTY. American Economic Review, 1985, 75(2): 332-337.http://www.jstor.org/stable/1805621
Arthur WB.Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
[22]
North DC.Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[23]
HausnerJ, JessopB, NielsenK.Strategic Choice and Path-dependency in Post-socialism: Institutional Dynamics in the Transformation Process. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1995.
[24]
GrabherG.The weakness of strong ties: The lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area. In: Grabher G (ed.). The Embedded Firm. London: Routledge, 1993: 253-277.http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10026789153
react-text: 471 The crisis of old industrial areas has often been explained by the dominance of a few traditional industries that faced dramatic decreases in demand. For at least two reasons this demand-side explanation is inadequate. First, it does not answer the question of why there is no regional redeployment of the productive resources that are set free by the decreases in demand. Second, it is not just... /react-text react-text: 472 /react-text [Show full abstract]
[FanJie, SunWei, FuXiaofeng, et al.Problems, reasons and strategies for sustainable development of mining cities in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, 20(1): 68-77.]
[26]
程开明. 城市专业化、多样性与技术创新能力. 经济统计学, 2013, (1): 186-196.
[ChengKaiming.Specialization, diversity and innovation capacity of city. Economic Statistics, 2013, (1): 186-196.]
[LiHe, ZhangPingyu, ChengYeqing.Concepts and assessment methods of vulnerability. Progress in Geography, 2008, 27(2): 18-26.]
[28]
Foster KA.A case study approach to understanding regional resilience. Working Paper,University of California, 2007.
[29]
MartinR, SunleyP.On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Economic Geography, 2015, 15(1): 1-42.https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbu015
MartinR, SunleyP, TylerP.Local growth evolutions: recession, resilience and recovery. Cambridge Journal of Regions,Economy and Society, 2015, 8(2): 141-148.
[31]
Martin, RL.Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012, 12(1): 1-32.https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jeg/lbr019
The notion of 070705resilience070705 has recently risen to prominence in several disciplines, and has also entered policy discourse. Yet, the meaning and relevance of the concept are far from settled matters. This article develops the idea of resilience and examines its usefulness as an aid to understanding the reaction of regional economies to major recessionary shocks. But in so doing, it is also argued that the notion of resilience can usefully be combined with that of hysteresis in order to more fully capture the possible reactions of regional economies to major recessions. These ideas are then used as the basis for a preliminary empirical analysis of the UK regions.
BoschmaR.Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 2015, 49(5): 733-751.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481
Boschma R. Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience, Regional Studies. This paper proposes an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. It conceptualizes resilience not just as the ability of a region to accommodate shocks, but extends it to the long-term ability of regions to develop new growth paths. A comprehensive view on regional resilience is proposed in which history is key to understand how regions develop new growth paths, and in which industrial, network and institutional dimensions of resilience come together. Resilient regions are capable of overcoming a trade-off between adaptation and adaptability, as embodied in related and unrelated variety, loosely coupled networks and loosely coherent institutional structures.
Schumpeter J A. Capitalism, Socialism,Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942: 83.
[34]
GarudR, KarnøeP.Path creation as a process of mindful deviation. In: Garud R, Karnøe P. Path Dependence and Creation. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001: 1-38.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/247120604_PATH_CREATION_AS_A_PROCESS_OF_MINDFUL_DEVIATION
Entrepreneurs are embedded in structures from which they attempt to depart. It is to explicate this notion of agency that the authors offer path creation as a concept that lies in contrast to path dependence. Path dependence celebrates the role of chance historical events in shaping the flow of future events. Such a process perspective takes an outsider's view to the genesis of novelty. In contrast, path creators are boundary spanners who disregard myopic pressures from existing relevance structures by making mindful deviations with objects to create new futures. Time is a critical element in this process. Specifically, path creators negotiate the time required for their initiatives to mature and succeed. In doing so, they harness the dynamic efficiencies implicit in adopting a perspective that views the emergence of novelty ex-vizu of a point in time.
[35]
SchienstockG.Path dependence and path creation. Journal of Futures Studies, 2011, 15(4): 63-76.http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/09513570910933979
Purpose – This paper aims to analyze so-called sustainability, corporate social responsibility or citizenship reports, as artefacts of a compromise between an institutional entrepreneur (IE), the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), and companies. Some companies take on this invitation but to which extent the information they produce as a result corresponds to the ideal promoted by the IE? Design/methodology/approach – A sample of ten reports from Canadian companies were analyzed using a combination of deductive and inductive coding techniques. The discourse and pictures were analyzed to identify whether they represent path creation (adherence to the sustainability ideal) or path dependence (the expression of traditional business interests and practices). Findings – The study findings show that companies adopt the sustainability reporting guideline and ideal promoted by IE, but only partially. Path dependence and path creation are in tension, a condition typical of innovative processes according to the actor network theory (ANT) framework. It suggests that the market for sustainability information is under construction. Originality/value – The value of the paper is that it examines voluntary disclosure of social and environmental performance by companies, using the notion of IE from the neo-institutionalist theory, as well as the innovation model from the ANT. The originality of the paper also lies in its methodology – particularly the use of a mixed method—including the composition of “poems” with “verses” extracted from the corporate reports.
PhamX.Five principles of path creation. Oeconomicus, 2006, 8(1): 5-17.
[37]
BeyerJ.The same or not the same: On the variety of mechanisms of path dependence. International Journal of Social Sciences, 2010, 5(1): 1-11.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/242586728_The_Same_or_Not_the_Same_-_On_the_Variety_of_Mechanisms_of_Path_Dependence
ABSTRACT In association with path dependence, researchers often talk of institutional "lock-in", thereby indicating that far-reaching path deviation or path departure are to be regarded as exceptional cases. This article submits the alleged general inclination for stability of path-dependent processes to a critical review. The different reasons for path dependence found in the literature indicate that different continuity-ensuring mechanisms are at work when people talk about path dependence ("increasing returns", complementarity, sequences etc.). As these mechanisms are susceptible to fundamental change in different ways and to different degrees, the path dependence concept alone is of only limited explanatory value. It is therefore indispensable to identify the underlying continuity-ensuring mechanism as well if a statement's empirical value is to go beyond the trivial, always true "history matters". Keywords ath dependence, increasing returns, historical institutionalism, lock-in.
Frenken K., Van Oort F. and Verburg T. (2007) Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. In economic theory, one can distinguish between variety as a source of regional knowledge spillovers, called Jacobs externalities, and variety as a portfolio protecting a region from external shocks. It is argued that Jacobs externalities are best measured by related variety (within sectors), while the portfolio argument is better captured by unrelated variety (between sectors). A methodology based on entropy measures is introduced to compute related variety and unrelated variety. Using data at the NUTS 3 level in the Netherlands for 1996–2002, it was found that Jacobs externalities enhance employment growth, while unrelated variety dampens unemployment growth. Productivity growth can be explained by traditional determinants including investments and research and development expenditures. Implications for regional policy follow. Frenken K., Van Oort F. et Verburg T. (2007) La variété connexe, la variété sans rapport et la croissance économique régionale., Regional Studies 41, 685–697. Dans la théorie économique, on peut distinguer entre la variété comme la source des retombées de connaissance régionales, dites les effets externes de Jacob, et la variété comme un portefeuille qui protège la région des chocs externes. On affirme que l'on peut mieux mesurer les effets externes de Jacob à partir de la notion de variété connexe (au sein des secteurs), tandis que l'argument qui pr00ne plut00t la notion de portefeuille est mieux saisi par la notion de variété sans rapport (entre les secteurs). On présente une méthodologie fondée sur des mesures d'entropie afin d'estimer la variété connexe et la variété sans rapport. A partir des données au niveau NUTS 3 auprès des Pays-Bas pour la période de 1996 à 2002, on trouve que les effets externes de Jacob augmentent la croissance de l'emploi, alors que la variété sans rapport atténue la croissance du ch00mage. La croissance de la productivité s'explique par des déterminants traditionnels, y compris l'investissement et les dépenses de recherche-développement. Il s'ensuit les implications pour la politique régionale. Variété Croissance; Effets externes de Jacob; Economies d'agglomération; Retombées Entropie Frenken K., Van Oort F. und Verburg T. (2007) Zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt, nicht zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt und regionales Wirtschaftswachstum, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. In der Wirtschaftstheorie unterscheidet man zwischen der Vielfalt als Quelle regionaler Wissensübertragung (den so genannten Jacobs-Externalit01ten) und der Vielfalt als Portfolio zum Schutz einer Region vor externen Erschütterungen. Wir stellen die These auf, dass sich die Jacobs-Externalit01ten am besten anhand der zusammenh01ngenden Vielfalt (innerhalb von Sektoren) messen lassen, w01hrend sich das Portfolio-Argument besser durch nicht zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt (zwischen verschiedenen Sektoren) darstellen l01sst. Mit Hilfe einer Methodologie auf der Grundlage entropischer Messungen ermitteln wir zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt und nicht zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt. Anhand von Daten auf dem NUTS 3-Niveau in den Niederlanden für den Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2002 stellen wir fest, dass die Jacobs-Externalit01ten zu einem Anstieg des Besch01ftigungsniveaus führen, w01hrend nicht zusammenh01ngende Vielfalt den Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit d01mpft. Der Anstieg der Produktivit01t l01sst sich durch traditionelle Determinanten wie Investitionen und Ausgaben für F&E erkl01ren. Im Anschluss werden die Konsequenzen für die Regionalpolitik beschrieben. Vielfalt; Wachstum; Jacobs-Externalit01ten; Agglomerationswirtschaften; U¨bertragung; Entropie; Frenken K., Van Oort F. y Verburg T. (2007) Variedad relacionada, variedad no relacionada y el crecimiento económico regional, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. En la teoría económica, podemos distinguir entre la variedad como una fuente de desbordamientos de conocimiento regionales, llamados externalidades Jacobs, y la variedad como una cartera que protege una región de choques externos. Sostenemos que las externalidades Jacobs se miden mejor según la variedad relacionada (dentro de los sectores), mientras que el argumento de la cartera se capta mejor con una variedad no relacionada (entre sectores). Para calcular la variedad relacionada y la variedad no relacionada, introducimos una metodología basada en las medidas de entropía. Usando datos en el nivel NUTS 3 en los Países Bajos para el periodo 1996–2002, observamos que las externalidades Jacobs aumentan el crecimiento de empleo mientras que la variedad no relacionada desestimula el crecimiento de desempleo. El crecimiento de productividad puede explicarse mediante determinantes tradicionales incluyendo las inversiones y los gastos en I + D. También explicamos las implicaciones para la política regional. Variedad; Crecimiento; Externalidades Jacobs; Economías de aglomeración; Desbordamiento; Entropía
2018,
Vol. 37
),胡志强1,2,耿凤娟1,2,苗健铭3
