中国短时洪涝灾害危险性评估与验证

doi:10.11821/yj2012010004

地理研究 ›› 2012, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 34-44.doi: 10.11821/yj2012010004

中国短时洪涝灾害危险性评估与验证

马国斌^1,2, 蒋卫国^2,3, 李京^2,2, 张静⁴, 马兰艳⁴, 李加林⁵

1. 浙江工商大学旅游与城市管理学院, 杭州 310018;
2. 北京师范大学环境演变与自然灾害教育部重点实验室, 北京 100875;
3. 北京师范大学地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100875;
4. 三维信息获取与应用教育部重点实验室, 首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院, 北京 100048;
5. 宁波大学海岸带资源与环境研究中心, 宁波 315211

收稿日期:2011-04-15 修回日期:2011-10-23 出版日期:2012-01-20 发布日期:2012-01-20
通讯作者: 蒋卫国(1976-),湖南衡阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事遥感与GIS在流域湿地洪水灾害与生态环境的应用研究。E-mail:jiangweiguo@bnu.edu.cn
作者简介:马国斌(1975-),男,浙江磐安人,博士,主要从事灾害遥感研究和地理信息系统工程应用研究。 E-mail:mgbcn@sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41171318、41001160);国家863计划(2009AA12Z124);国家科技支撑计划(2008BAC44B03);国家973计划(2008CB418006);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金;浙江省科技厅公益项目(2010C33155)

Assessment and validation of short-term flood hazards in China

MA Guo-bin^1,2, JIANG Wei-guo^2,3, LI Jing^2,2, ZHANG Jing⁴, MA Lan-yan⁴, LI Jia-lin⁵

1. College of Tourism and City Management, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
4. Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application of Ministry of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China;
5. Coastal Resources and Environment Research Center, Ningbo 315211, China

Received:2011-04-15 Revised:2011-10-23 Online:2012-01-20 Published:2012-01-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于自然灾害风险理论、借助GIS空间分析功能、采用归一化和层次分析法,对中国全国范围尺度进行短时洪涝灾害危险性评估。通过对洪涝灾害危险性因子分析,分别提取当天降雨量、前三天降雨量、地形高程、地形标准差、河湖网络等因素作为评估因子,提出了各因子危险性指数计算方法,以及全国洪涝灾害危险性指数计算模型公式,根据统计分析危险指数的最小值、最大值,结合历史灾情,利用阈值分割法确定危险等级分割值为0.3、0.45及0.6,将洪涝灾害危险等级划分为高危险、中危险、低危险与无危险四个等级,从而建立类似于天气预报模式的全国洪涝灾害危险性评估模型,并以2009年9月14日为例进行了洪涝灾害危险等级评估的实际应用。最后,本文提出了基于昨日灾情的危险性评估结果验证方法,通过整理同期昨日灾情资料构建灾情数据库,对2009年汛期的洪涝灾害危险性评估结果分别从数量和面积两个角度,基于县和地市两级行政区划作为验证单元进行验证。验证结果表明,洪涝灾害危险性评估结果无论是从数量上还是从面积上看均具有较高的正确率,与实际灾情基本吻合。

关键词: 危险性评估, 评估模型, 洪涝灾害

Abstract: This paper has conducted a short-term national-scale assessment of flood hazards in China based on the theory of natural disaster risks and by means of the powerful spatial analytic tool of GIS,as well as the normalization and analytic hierarchy process.The precipitation of the current day and last three days,topographic elevation,topographic standard deviation,network of rivers and lakes respectively were extracted as assessment factors,the methods of flood hazard factors’computation and the models of flood hazard indexes were advanced,as well as hazard assessment model was built for the national-scale flood hazard.Combined with disasters records,analysis of the minimum and maximum of hazard indexes by statistical method,the flood hazards are divided into four levels:high,medium,low and zero by dividing points of 0.3,0.45 and 0.6,respectively.Then the model of short-term flood hazard assessment was built and used for a flood hazard assessment on September 14,2009.It was applied for real-time flood events from June 18 to September 16,2009 on daily basis.Finally,this paper puts forward the result validation method of flood hazard assessment based on the official report of disaster data.It collects the data from official report of disasters to build the disaster spatial database for the same period of the flood season in 2009,and validates the flood hazard assessment results in the point of view of quantity and area from both county-based and district-based validation unit.And the result shows that the rate of correct assessment(i.e.both the hazards and disasters occurrence) is above 65% for counties as the assessment unit and above 84% for districts as the assessment unit in the point of view of quantity.The validation result reveals that short-term national flood hazard assessment conforms basically to the actual disaster data.This model has been successfully applied to the forecast of flood hazards by the Disaster Alleviation Center under the Ministry of Civil Affairs since August,2009.

Key words: hazard assessment, assessment model, flood disaster

马国斌, 蒋卫国, 李京, 张静, 马兰艳, 李加林. 中国短时洪涝灾害危险性评估与验证[J]. 地理研究, 2012, 31(1): 34-44.

MA Guo-bin, JIANG Wei-guo, LI Jing, ZHANG Jing, MA Lan-yan, LI Jia-lin. Assessment and validation of short-term flood hazards in China[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2012, 31(1): 34-44.

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中国短时洪涝灾害危险性评估与验证

Assessment and validation of short-term flood hazards in China

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