基于粒子群算法的大城市近郊区景观格局优化研究——以成都市龙泉驿区为例

doi:10.11821/dlyj201703013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

景观格局优化是实现区域生态安全的重要途径。以成都市龙泉驿为研究区,在景观适宜性评价、景观数量优化基础上,构建PSO景观格局空间优化模型与求解算法,对经济发展、生态保护、统筹兼顾情景景观空间布局进行优化。结果表明：基于PSO的景观格局空间优化模型与算法能利用粒子位置模拟景观分布进行空间格局优化,实现了数量与空间优化的有机耦合,是景观格局优化的有效方法。目标年,经济发展情景优势景观为城乡人居及工矿、果园,景观格局呈现出西部坝区以城乡人居及工矿、农田为主,东部山区以果园为主的分布特征;生态保护情景优势景观为森林、城乡人居及工矿,景观格局呈现出西部坝区以城乡人居及工矿、果园、农田为主,东部山区以森林为主的分布特征;统筹兼顾情景优势景观为森林、城乡人居及工矿和果园,景观格局呈现出西部坝区以城乡人居及工矿、农田为主,东部山区以森林、果园为主的分布特征。统筹兼顾情景方案未来潜在可能性最大,其经济、生态、综合效益均得以优化提升,是目标年研究区最佳景观格局空间布局方案。

关键词: 城市近郊区, 景观格局, 空间优化, 粒子群算法, 约束最优化方法, Logistic回归模型

Abstract:

Landscape pattern optimization is one of the important ways in achieving regional ecological security. In order to optimize landscape spatial layout of economic development, ecological protection and overall consideration scenario, a case study was carried out in Longquanyi District of Chengdu based on landscape suitability assessment and landscape quantity optimization. The method of particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used to establish landscape pattern spatial optimization model and algorithm. The results showed that, the landscape pattern spatial optimization model and algorithm based on PSO was the effective method of landscape pattern optimization. The model and algorithm could efficiently simulate landscape distribution by using particle space positions, conduct spatial pattern optimization, and realize united coupling of quantity structure and spatial distribution optimization. The dominant landscapes in economic development scenario were orchard, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area in a target year. The landscape pattern showed that farmland, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area dominated the western flatland region, while eastern mountainous area was mainly dominated by orchard. The dominant landscapes in ecological protection scenario were forest, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area. The landscape pattern showed that the western flatland region was mainly dominated by farmland, orchard, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area, while the eastern mountainous area was dominated by forest. The dominant landscapes in overall consideration scenario were forest, orchard, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area. The landscape pattern showed that farmland, urban-rural residential and industrial-mining area dominated the western flatland region, while eastern mountainous area was dominated by forest and orchard. Compared with other scenarios, the overall consideration scenario could be the largest potential possibility in the future, since the economic, ecological and comprehensive benefits here would be the most optimized and promoted, implying the best spatial layout scheme for landscape pattern in the study area in the target year.

Key words: peri-urban areas, landscape pattern, spatial optimization, particle swarm optimization, constrained optimization method, Logistic regression model

欧定华, 夏建国. 基于粒子群算法的大城市近郊区景观格局优化研究——以成都市龙泉驿区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2017, 36(3): 553-572.

Dinghua OU, Jianguo XIA. Landscape pattern optimization in peri-urban areas based on the particle swarm optimization method: A case study in Longquanyi District of Chengdu[J]. GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, 2017, 36(3): 553-572.

图/表 10

图1

图2

表1

景观适宜性评价指标体系"

一级指标	二级指标	数据来源与说明	空间化方法
自然因子	高程	ASTER GDEM V2数据,分辨率30 m	利用ArcGIS 10.0裁剪得到研究区高程数据,并将栅格分辨率重采样为60 m
	坡度	同高程指标	应用ArcGIS 10.0空间分析工具基于高程数据计算坡度、坡向,分辨率60 m
	坡向	同高程指标	应用ArcGIS 10.0空间分析工具基于高程数据计算坡度、坡向,分辨率60 m
	地势起伏度	同高程指标	应用ArcGIS 10.0空间分析工具基于高程数据按公式^[25]计算地势起伏度,分辨率60 m
	多年平均降雨量	2004-2014年龙泉驿9个自动气象观测站（图1）监测的降雨、气温数据（来自区气象局）	应用ArcGIS 10.0规则样条函数空间插值法得到降雨、气温、土壤有机质含量空间分布数据,分辨率60 m
	多年平均气温	2004-2014年龙泉驿9个自动气象观测站（图1）监测的降雨、气温数据（来自区气象局）
	土壤有机质含量	龙泉驿区测土配方施肥项目监测的有机质含量数据（来自区农林局农技中心）
邻域因子	到城市中心最近距离	2014年景观类型图	首先用ArcGIS 10.0矢量工具绘制主城区范围,然后用Feature To Point工具获取主城区图斑几何中心点作为城市中心,最后利用欧氏距离分析工具求得景观类型图各栅格点到城市中心的最近距离,分辨率60 m
	到建制镇中心最近距离	2014年景观类型图和各街镇乡行政中心矢量图（来自龙泉驿区第二次全国土地调查成果）	利用ArcGIS 10.0欧氏距离分析工具求得景观类型图各栅格点到街镇乡行政中心的最近距离,分辨率60 m
	到主要道路最近距离	2014年景观类型图	首先用ArcGIS 10.0从景观类型图中提取高速公路、交通干道等主要道路数据,然后用欧氏距离分析工具求得景观类型图各栅格点到主要道路的最近距离,分辨率60 m
	到主要水域最近距离	2014年景观类型图	首先用ArcGIS 10.0从景观类型图中提取水渠、水库、坑塘等主要水域数据,然后用欧氏距离分析工具求得景观类型图各栅格点到主要水域的最近距离,分辨率60 m
社会经济因子	人口密度	各街镇乡行政区矢量数据（来自龙泉驿区第二次全国土地调查成果）,龙泉驿统计年鉴（2000-2012年）、成都统计信息网(http://www.chdstats.gov.cn)以及龙泉驿区统计局、各街镇乡统计资料	首先统计12个街镇乡人口密度、人均地区生产总值,然后用ArcGIS10.0将其链接到行政区矢量数据属性表对应行记录并通过矢栅转化得到人口密度、人均地区生产总值空间数据,分辨率60 m
社会经济因子	人均地区生产总值

表1

图3

图4

表2

表3

图5

表4

图6

参考文献 35

[1]	马克明, 傅伯杰, 黎晓亚, 等. 区域生态安全格局: 概念与理论基础. 生态学报, 2004, 24(4): 761-768. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.017
	[Ma Keming, Fu Bojie, Li Xiaoya, et al.The regional pattern for ecological security(RPES): The concept and theoretical basis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(4): 761-768.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.017
[2]	邬建国. 景观生态学: 格局、过程、尺度与等级. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2000.
	[Wu Jianguo.Landscape Ecology: Pattern, Process, Scale and Hierarchy. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.]
[3]	潘悦, 洪亮平. 中西部大城市近郊区“被动城市化”困境突围. 城市规划学刊, 2013, (4): 42-48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2013.04.007
	[Pan Yue, Hong Liangping.Out of the plight of "Passive Urbanization" by midwestern metropolitan suburban areas in China. Urban Planning Forum, 2013, (4): 42-48.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3363.2013.04.007
[4]	Gao Q Z, Kang M Y, Xu H M, et al.Optimization of land use structure and spatial pattern for the semi-arid loess hilly-gully region in China. Catena, 2010, 81(3): 196-202. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2010.03.002
[5]	Gabriel S A, Faria J A, Moglen G E.A multiobjective optimization approach to smart growth in land development. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2006, 40(3): 212-248. doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2005.02.001
[6]	Sadeghi S H R, Jalili K h, Nikkami D. Land use optimization in watershed scale. Land Use Policy, 2009, 26(2): 186-193. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.02.007
[7]	李秀霞, 徐龙, 江恩赐. 基于系统动力学的土地利用结构多目标优化. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(16): 247-254. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.16.031
	[Li Xiuxia, Xu Long, Jiang Enci.Multi-objective optimization of land use structure based on system dynamics. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(16): 247-254.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2013.16.031
[8]	刘小平, 黎夏, 彭晓鹃. “生态位”元胞自动机在土地可持续规划模型中的应用. 生态学报, 2007, 27(6): 2391-2402. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.06.031
	[Liu Xiaoping, Li Xia, Peng Xiaojuan.Niche-based cellular automata for sustainable land use planning. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(6): 2391-2402.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.06.031
[9]	陆文涛, 代超, 郭怀成. 基于Dyna-CLUE模型的滇池流域土地利用情景设计与模拟. 地理研究, 2015, 34(9): 1619-1629. doi: 10.11821/d1yj201509002
	[Lu Wentao, Dai Chao, Guo Huaichen.Land use scenario design and simulation based on Dyna-CLUE model in Dianchi Lake Watershed. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(9): 1619-1629.] doi: 10.11821/d1yj201509002
[10]	袁满, 刘耀林. 基于多智能体遗传算法的土地利用优化配置. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(1): 191-199. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.01.025
	[Yuan Man, Liu Yaolin.Land use optimization allocation based on multi-agent genetic algorithm. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(1): 191-199.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.01.025
[11]	王祺, 蒙吉军, 毛熙彦. 基于邻域相关的漓江流域土地利用多情景模拟与景观格局变化. 地理研究, 2014, 33(6): 1073-1084. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201406008
	[Wang Qi, Meng Jijun, Mao Xiyan.Scenario simulation and landscape pattern assessment of land use change based on neighborhood analysis and auto-logistic model: A case study of Lijiang River Basin. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(6): 1073-1084.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201406008
[12]	Shi Y H, Eberhart R.A modified particle swarm optimizer. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE, 1998: 69-73.
[13]	杜国明, 陈晓翔, 黎夏. 基于微粒群优化算法的空间优化决策. 地理学报, 2006, 61(12): 1290-1298. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.12.006
	[Du Guoming, Chen Xiaoxiang, Li Xia.Spatial optimal search based on particle swarm optimization. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(12): 1290-1298.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.12.006
[14]	刘殿锋, 刘耀林, 赵翔. 多目标微观邻域粒子群算法及其在土壤空间优化抽样中的应用. 测绘学报, 2013, 42(5): 722-728.
	[Liu Dianfeng, Liu Yaolin, Zhao Xiang.Soil spatial sampling design based on a multi-objective micro-neigborhood particle swarm optimization algorithm. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2013, 42(5): 722-728.]
[15]	黄海. 基于改进粒子群算法的低碳型土地利用结构优化: 以重庆市为例. 土壤通报, 2014, 45(2): 303-306.
	[Huang Hai.Optimization of low-carbon land use structure based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm: A case study in Chongqing Municipality. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2014, 45(2): 303-306.]
[16]	欧定华, 夏建国, 张莉, 等. RS和GIS技术在中尺度景观类型划分与制图中的应用: 以成都市龙泉驿区为例. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(10): 2971-2982.
	[Ou Dinghua, Xia Jianguo, Zhang Li, et al.The application of RS and GIS technology in meso-scale landscape classification and cartography: A case study in Longquanyi district of Chengdu. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(10): 2971-2982.]
[17]	傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 马克明, 等. 景观生态学原理及应用. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.
	[Fu Bojie, Chen Liding, Ma Keming, et al.Landscape Ecology Principles and Applications. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.]
[18]	张薇, 刘淼, 戚与珊. 基于CLUE-S模型的昆明市域土地利用预案模拟. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33(6): 1655-1662.
	[Zhang Wei, Liu Miao, Qi Yushan.Land use scenarios simulation based on the CLUE-S model in Kunming. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2014, 33(6): 1655-1662.]
[19]	王玥, 周旺明, 王绍先, 等. CLUE-S模型在长白山自然保护区外围规划中的应用. 生态学报, 2014, 34(19): 5635-5641. doi: 10.5846/stxb201301140090
	[Wang Yue, Zhou Wangming, Wang Shaoxian, et al.Application of land use model CLUE-S in the planning of surrounding the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(19): 5635-5641.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201301140090
[20]	李鑫, 马晓冬, 肖长江, 等. 基于CLUE-S模型的区域土地利用布局优化. 经济地理, 2015, 35(1): 162-172. doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.01.023
	[Li Xin, Ma Xiaodong, Xiao Changjiang, et al.The regional land use layout optimization based on the CLUE-S model. Economic Geography, 2015, 35(1): 162-172.] doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.01.023
[21]	陈利顶, 张淑荣, 傅伯杰, 等. 流域尺度土地利用与土壤类型空间分布的相关性研究. 生态学报, 2003, 23(12): 2497-2505. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2003.12.001
	[Chen Liding, Zhang Shurong, Fu Bojie, et al.Correlation analysis on spatial pattern of land use and soil at catchment scale. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(12): 2497-2505.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2003.12.001
[22]	何牡丹, 李志忠, 刘永泉. 土壤有机质研究方法进展. 新疆师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2007, 26(3): 249-251. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9659.2007.03.077
	[He Mudan, Li Zhizhong, Liu Yongquan.A review of soil organic matter on its research methods and the prospect of forecast. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University: Natural Sciences Edition, 2007, 26(3): 249-251.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9659.2007.03.077
[23]	刘明皓, 陶媛, 夏保宝, 等. 邻域因子对城市土地开发强度模拟效果的影响分析: 基于BP人工神经网络模拟的结果对比. 西南师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2014, 39(2): 1-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5471.2014.02.010
	[Liu Minghao, Tao Yuan, Xia Baobao, et al.On neighborhood factor impact upon simulation effect of urban land development intensity: Comparative analysis of simulation results based on BP artificial neural network method. Journal of Southwest China Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2014, 39(2): 1-8.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5471.2014.02.010
[24]	刘淼, 胡远满, 孙凤云, 等. 土地利用模型CLUE-S在辽宁省中部城市群规划中的应用. 生态学杂志, 2012, 31(2): 413-420.
	[Liu Miao, Hu Yuanman, Sun Fengyun, et al.Application of land use model CLUE-S in the planning of central Liaoning urban agglomerations. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2012, 31(2): 413-420.]
[25]	王利, 王慧鹏, 任启龙, 等. 关于基准地形起伏度的设定和计算: 以大连旅顺口区为例. 山地学报, 2014, 32(3): 277-283. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2014.03.003
	[Wang Li, Wang Huipeng, Ren Qilong, et al.Setting and calculation of basic topographic relief: A case study of Lushunkou District of Dalian, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 2014, 32(3): 277-283.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2014.03.003
[26]	Swets J A.Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 1988, 240(4857): 1285-1293. doi: 10.1126/science.3287615 pmid: 3287615
[27]	李鑫, 欧名豪, 刘建生, 等. 基于不确定性理论的区域土地利用结构优化. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(4): 176-184. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.022
	[Li Xin, Ou Minghao, Liu Jiansheng, et al.Regional land use structure optimization under uncertain theory. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(4): 176-184.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2014.04.022
[28]	郭大忠, 冯晓. 城市规划中合理路网密度问题的探讨. 重庆交通学院学报: 社科版, 2002, 2(1): 52-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0297.2002.01.016
	[Guo Dazhong, Feng Xiao.Discussions of reasonable density of networks in urban area. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University: Social Sciences Edition, 2002, 2(1): 52-55.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0297.2002.01.016
[29]	谢高地, 鲁春霞, 冷允法, 等. 青藏高原生态资产的价值评估. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(2): 189-196. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2003.02.010
	[Xie Gaodi, Lu Chunxia, Leng Yunfa, et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(2): 189-196.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-3037.2003.02.010
[30]	熊丽君. 基于GIS的非点源污染研究: 张家港西南片地区非点源污染负荷计算. 南京: 河海大学硕士学位论文, 2004. doi: 10.7666/d.y595780
	[Xiong Lijun.Study of non point source based on GIS: Calculation of non point in the southwestern Zhangjiagang. Nanjing: Master Dissertation of Hehai University, 2004.] doi: 10.7666/d.y595780
[31]	万林, 胡庆年, 林星, 等. 基于水库流域非点源防治的用地规划. 水资源保护, 2007, 23(5): 71-74. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6933.2007.05.020
	[Wan Lin, Hu Qingnian, Lin Xing, et al.Land use planning based on control of non-point source pollution in reservoir watersheds. Water Resources Protection, 2007, 23(5): 71-74.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6933.2007.05.020
[32]	唐俊. PSO算法原理及应用. 计算机技术与发展, 2010, 20(2): 213-216. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-629X.2010.02.056
	[Tang Jun.Principle and application of PSO algorithm. Computer Technology and Development, 2010, 20(2): 213-216.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-629X.2010.02.056
[33]	葛哲学. 精通MATLAB. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2008.
	[Ge Zhexue.Proficient in MATLAB. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2008.]
[34]	潘峰, 李位星, 高琪, 等. 粒子群优化算法与多目标优化. 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2013.
	[Pan Feng, Li Weixing, Gao Qi, et al.Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Multi-objective Optimization. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press, 2013.]
[35]	冷文芳, 贺红士, 布仁仓, 等. 气候变化条件下东北森林主要建群种的空间分布. 生态学报, 2006, 26(12): 4257-4266. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.12.045
	[Leng Wenfang, He Hongshi, Bu Rencang, et al.The spatial distribution of constructive species of northeast forest under the climate changing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(12): 4257-4266.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.12.045

评价指标	农田			果园			森林			城乡人居及工矿			水体
评价指标	回归系数		显著性		回归系数		显著性		回归系数	显著性	回归系数	显著性	回归系数	显著性
高程	-6.37E-03	0.0000		2.34E-03	0.0000		-1.49E-03	0.0066		-	0.0630		-8.56E-03	0.0000
坡度	-	0.0470		-	0.9150		-	0.9450		-	0.4110		-	0.8970
坡向	-	0.0570		-	0.0450		-	0.0230		—	0.3100		—	0.0670
地势起伏度	-0.0119	0.0000		1.17E-03	0.0129		2.69E-03	0.0004		-2.86E-03	0.0003		4.83E-03	0.0002
到城市中心最近距离	6.99E-05	0.0000		9.93E-05	0.0000		1.38E-04	0.0000		-1.90E-04	0.0000		-	0.0960
到建制镇中心最近距离	2.72E-04	0.0000		-	0.7540		-	0.1220		-1.08E-04	0.0000		-1.57E-04	0.0031
到主要道路最近距离	-9.97E-05	0.0051		-	0.7550		-1.63E-04	0.0000		-	0.1400		-	0.2680
到主要水域最近距离	-	0.0160		-	0.1230		-1.59E-04	0.0005		3.45E-04	0.0000		-6.65E-04	0.0000
多年平均降雨量	-3.19E-03	0.0000		6.44E-03	0.0000		7.14E-03	0.0000		-0.0110	0.0000		-	0.0820
多年平均气温	-	0.1660		-	0.0400		-1.21	0.0000		0.3720	0.0000		-	0.2650
土壤有机质含量	0.0221	0.0000		-	0.1060		-	0.5790		-0.0308	0.0000		-	0.7210
人口密度	-	0.2770		-1.19E-04	0.0003		-	0.3910		-	0.0780		-	0.6480
人均地区生产总值	-0.0172	0.0001		0.0425	0.0000		0.0442	0.0000		-0.0604	0.0000		-	0.5980
常量	2.49	0.0001		-7.29	0.0000		10.6	0.0000		3.82	0.0015		1.33	0.0016
ROC	0.8040		0.7125			0.7892		0.7858			0.7000

目标年	规划情景	农田	果园	森林	城乡人居及工矿	水体
2021年	经济发展	7235.00	21803.00	5167.00	19754.00	1610.00
	生态保护	7235.00	7380.75	23136.25	16207.00	1610.00
	统筹兼顾	7235.00	16231.31	10738.69	19754.00	1610.00
2028年	经济发展	7901.00	19305.00	5167.00	21586.00	1610.00
	生态保护	7901.00	5216.00	24635.00	16207.00	1610.00
	统筹兼顾	7901.00	5216.00	19256.00	21586.00	1610.00
基期年（2014年）	景观格局现状	6723.00	25862.00	5167.00	16207.00	1610.00

目标年	规划情景	农田（栅格）	果园（栅格）	森林（栅格）	城乡人居及工矿（栅格）	水体（栅格）
2021年	经济发展	19870(0.98%)	60677(0.34%)	14600(1.88%)	54541(0.45%)	4435(0.67%)
	生态保护	19796(1.35%)	20950(2.34%)	64261(0.14%)	44664(0.64%)	4452(0.29%)
	统筹兼顾	19890(0.88%)	45121(0.23%)	30165(1.28%)	54539(0.46%)	4408(1.28%)
2028年	经济发展	21754(0.73%)	53271(0.51%)	14829(3.47%)	59825(0.08%)	4444(0.47%)
	生态保护	21810(0.47%)	14734(1.85%)	68246(0.12%)	44905(0.10%)	4428(0.83%)
	统筹兼顾	21840(0.34%)	14533(0.46%)	53570(0.31%)	59705(0.28%)	4475(0.22%)
基期年（2014）	景观格局现状	22136	82917	14268	30439	4363